Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes and Functional Groups

Cycloalkane Nomenclature

• Cyclo Prefix: Use "cyclo" before the name of the alkane.
• Three-member Ring: Cyclopropane (3 carbons).
• Four-member Ring: Cyclobutane (4 carbons).
• Five-member Ring: Cyclopentane (5 carbons).
• Six-member Ring: Cyclohexane (6 carbons).
• Skeletal Structure: Use skeletal structure to represent cycloalkanes for simplicity.

Naming Monosubstituted Cycloalkanes

• Use the ring as a parent hydrocarbon unless the substituent has more carbons.
• One substituent does not require position number.
  • Example: Methylcyclopentane (one methyl group on cyclopentane).

Naming with Multiple Substituents

• Two Substituents: List alphabetically, start numbering from lowest substituent.
  • Example: 1-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane.
• More than Two Substituents: Alphabetical order, ensure substituents get the lowest numbers possible.
  • Example: 1,1,2-trimethylcyclopentane.

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

• Functional groups determine physical and chemical properties of molecules.
• Common Functional Groups:
  • Alkane: Single C-C bonds. Example: Butane.
  • Alkyl Halide: Alkane with halogen. Example: Butyl chloride.
  • Alcohol: Replace hydrogen with OH. Example: Butanol.
  • Ether: Oxygen bridges two carbons. Example: Diethyl ether.
  • Aldehyde: Carbonyl carbon bonded with hydrogen and R group. Example: Ethanal.
  • Ketone: Carbonyl carbon between two R groups. Example: Propanone.
  • Carboxylic Acid: Carbonyl carbon with OH and R group. Example: Ethanoic acid.
  • Ester: Carbonyl carbon with OR and R groups. Example: Methyl methanoate.
  • Amine: Nitrogen bonded with R groups. Example: Ethylamine.

Examples of Functional Groups in Compounds

• Ibuprofen: Contains carboxylic acid group.
• Aspirin: Contains carboxylic acid and ester groups.
• Vanillin: Contains aldehyde, ether, and alcohol groups.
• Diphenylhydramine Hydrochloride: Contains ether and amine groups.

Conclusion

• Understanding the nomenclature and identification of functional groups is crucial for predicting properties and reactions of organic molecules.