if you want to land a job as a JavaScript developer you not only need to understand what closures are but you need to have a Mastery over how they work and that's because nearly any JavaScript job out there is going to ask you interview questions about closures and they're going to be rather tricky so in this video to get you prepared for that interview I'm not only going to explain what closures are how they work and why they're important but I'm also going to go over some common interview questions you're going to get asked related to closures that way you're prepared for anything they can throw at you and if you like this video you're definitely going to love my JavaScript simplified course I'll link it in the description for you it's just like this where I cover really complicated topics in great detail and simplify them for you so if you're interested that's going to be linked down in the description for you welcome back to web dev simplified my name is Kyle and my job is to simplify the web for you so you can start building your dream project sooner and when a lot of people think of closures they actually get confused with scoping in JavaScript and that's because closures and scoping have a lot of overlap between the two for example this code on the Le hand side of my screen doesn't use closures at all it's just using the way JavaScript handles scoping so if you don't already have a good grasp of how scoping Works in JavaScript I highly recommend checking out my complete crash course video on scoping I'll link it in the cards in description for you before you start with this video because closures is just a special version of scoping and the entire idea behind closures is essentially when you have one function that executes some code and then there's a separate function inside of that function that uses the code inside of the first function function that's the way a closure works so let me show you a quick example of what that would look like we're just going to simplify this code we're going to have this function we're just going to call it funk one doesn't really matter what it does and inside of here we're just going to create a variable such as age and then down here we're going to have a function we're going to call this funk 2 just like this and inside of here we're just going to console.log outage there we go pretty straightforward and then down here we're going to return Funk two from Funk one and then down here I can get essentially whatever the reference to my function is by calling Funk one what that's going to do is it's going to call this function and it's going to return to me a brand new function that right here console logs my age so I can call that down here now if I actually run my code you can see it prints out 29 just like before and the thing that is printing that out is this fun called down here you can see if I remove that there's nothing actually happening so if I bring that back you can see 29 gets printed out this is essentially the setup for a closure so a lot of times if you see a function with another function defined inside of it and that function is being returned you're almost always dealing with some type of closure inside a JavaScript now I know if you're just getting started with JavaScript especially this code might be complicated to understand so before we start diving into the nitty-gritty of closures I first want to make sure we understand what's going on here so essentially let's forget about this entire section with funk 2 right here all this code fun one is doing is creating a variable that has a value of 29 that's literally all that this is doing and then we're creating a brand new function that's using that variable and all it does is log it out and we're returning that function so essentially Funk one all it's doing is creating a variable for for us and returning us a function that we can call that uses that variable that's all that's happening so when we call fun one it returns to us a value we'll just call this result so it's maybe a little bit easier to see what's going on it returns to a sum result and this result is just this function right here and it calls this function whenever we call result and you can see it's console log in that age of 29 that's exactly how this code is working so the idea behind a closure is if you have a function that defines some type of values whether you're defining a variable here or maybe it takes in a parameter both cases is going to work just fine essentially anytime you have a function with some scope inside of it some variables inside of it that are used inside of another function that's going to be a closure and the reason this is called a closure is because normally when you execute a function all the things in that function no longer exist anymore they go through a process called garbage collection which if you're not familiar with I'll link again a video in the cards in description that goes in depth into it but essentially JavaScript just deletes those variables completely from memory and pretends they never exist but a closure is a little bit different because this fun two that we have here depends on the value of our age variable iable so instead of getting rid of that age variable like would normally happen when a function is finished executing instead JavaScript says you know what this age variable is important for this other function so I'm going to keep it in memory technically it stores this in the Heap based memory but that's not really important to understand it just says you know what I'm going to keep this in memory for long term until I no longer need it when this function is no longer accessible so I know closures sound really complicated and it's really confusing what they look like but really all the closure is is just following normal scoping rules in JavaScript but when you have a function that returns another function or has a function inside of it that's used in other places it's essentially saying keep the scope of whatever this function is even after the function finishes that's all a closure is and anytime you see this type of format where you have a function inside of another function you're dealing with a closure another important thing to understand about how these closures work is they actually always are going to be using the most upto-date value for that variable for example let's say that we change this to an age variable that we can change and then down here we say age is equal to 30 you may think that this is going to print out 29 because that's what the age variable is declared as before we call our function but actually you'll see it prints out 30 and that's because it's always going to use the most up-to-date value of whatever this variable is whenever I call this function so the fact that age is 30 here means that it's going to print out 30 inside of this function right here and I can even modify the age variable inside here for example every time I call fun two I can add one to my age so if I call this function a couple times you can see every time it's adding one to the previous times call from before so it's keeping this state entirely up to date and constantly keeping this variable memory until it's no longer needed and that's the whole idea of this closure is it's keeping this around longer than it normally would because this other function needs this variable in order to function now in an interview you may be asked why closures are important or what you can do with closures and to be honest a lot of the things that were really important for closures are no longer nearly as important as they used to be because of newer features in JavaScript for example one of the many benefits to closures is that it gave you a really easy way to create a private variable that couldn't be accessed anywhere and that's because in this code this age variable is not accessible anywhere outside of funk one you can see I can't access it anywhere outside of here which means I can't manually change this age variable I can't see you know age is equal to 25 that's just going to throw me an error because this age variable is not accessible inside of here and you can see it makes no changes to my actual code and technically if I was in strict mode inside of JavaScript you'll see that this will actually throw me an error instead but that's another video topics that I'm not going to cover here if I do have a video on it I'll link it in the cards and description for you but it used to be a way for creating private variables this is no longer nearly as important though because with module based JavaScript where you have module files you can import you can really easily create variables that you don't export from the module which in essence creates essentially a private variable and if you want to learn more about module based JavaScript I have a video I'll link that in the cards and description it's really important to understand because it's how most modern JavaScript is written now another use case for closures that's something that is actually still useful even though you may not see it that often is it allows you to create functions that essentially can use parameters to do other things so let's say that I can create a function right here that's called like create element element Creator something like that and this is going to take in some type of value maybe the element that I want to create and by default let's just say it's going to be a div element but it doesn't really matter we'll just say it's going to take in an element and then what this is going to do is it's going to return to us a function and we can just do this in line as an arrow function if you don't know what Arrow functions are again I'll link a video in the cards and description for you but this function right here is just going to return document. create element and it's going to take in whatever that element type is that we want to create so now I can say element Creator and this is going to be for creating any div element so now I have a function which is going to be called div Creator or maybe we'll just call it create div there we go so now anytime I call create div this is going to return to me essentially a brand new div based element so I can call create div and I can do the same thing for a span Creator so this one's going to be for creating span elements and now I can come in here and say that I'm going to have a span Creator and if I call that function now essentially I'm creating three divs and I'm creating one span that I can use however I want inside of my code so it's a really great technique to be able to say okay you know what I want to be able to create elements really easily and I can just pass in what the type of element is and it gives me a brand new function that allows me to create them obviously this is a very simple example but you can imagine your code is much more complex for what's going on in this function and it allows you to do a really easy way to create essentially helper functions that have certain parameters already predefined inside of them this is a use case that you will see inside of code and is still useful because it's pretty much the best way to do this type of thing so we've talked about what closures are and we just finished talking about some of the use cases that closures have inside a JavaScript so now I want to talk about some of the trickier interview questions that you're going to get asked related to closures that's going to really help you impress the people that are interviewing you and one of the most common if not the most common closure based question you're going to get is going to look something like this we're going to have a for loop we're going to say let I equal to zero I is less than than three i++ a very simple for Loop that just executes three separate times and inside of here we're going to run a set timeout or whatever it is it doesn't really matter but it's going to be some type of asynchronous function like this that's going to console. logi and then we're going to come in here and we're going to say that it's going to have 100 millisecond delay so the question essentially asks what do you think that this code is going to be printing out and if you may think the code's going to print out 012 and we save and you'll notice that is exactly what the code prints out but a lot of times when they ask you these particular questions instead of using let here they're going to be using VAR and now you're going to notice that it's going to give us completely different results when it prints out instead of 012 it's going to give us the result 333 if I give this a save you can see once that finished executing it printed out three three separate times so instead of printing out 012 it printed out 3 33 now this is probably really confusing to you and it's confusing to most people honestly but I'm going to explain exactly why this is that way if you get asked an interview question like this you can understand exactly what's going on and it's all related to how scoping and closures work together so when you're using a var-based variable VAR is different than let and cons because instead of being block scoped VAR is essentially scoped a little bit more globally it's more function based scoped so here what's happening is it's taking this VAR I equals z and essentially it's saying you know what we actually have a variable declared up here called I and by default it's going to be equal to undefined and all we're doing down here is setting I equal to zero and each time you run this code we're just adding adding one to I every single time so we have One Singular I variable declared at the very top of our function here or top of our file and we're just updating that variable in our for Loop that's how the VAR variable works and if I actually change this to let you'll notice we still get the exact same thing where three gets printed out three separate times that's just because if you define the variable up here you have one single instance of that variable and when we talked about closures we said the closure is always going to use the most upto-date version of that variable so when we run this for Loop it starts out at zero it adds one to one and adds one again to two and adds one again to three and at this point three is obviously not less than three so the four Loop finishes then 100 millisecond later our set timeout runs and it prints out three three separate times because we have one Global I variable which is always using the most upto-date value for now the difference is if we use let here instead of having this variable Glee globally defined up here like this instead what's happening is we have three separate I variables being created one for each iteration of our for Loop and that's because let and con as well are both block scoped which means anytime you have curly braces like this it essentially is using a brand new variable every single time so the first time we run this I is equal to zero and then the second time we run this we have a brand new I variable which is going to be equal to one and then we have a brand new I variable which is equal to two that is why when we actually save and run this code we get 012 if we're using let here while if we use VAR we instead get 3 33 being printed out because of how those different variables work inside of scoping now if this talk of let versus VAR and other things is confusing for you I have a full video covering the differences between let VAR and const I'll link in the cards in description for you and if you reference that video along with my scoping based video This should hopefully all kind of come together into one cohesive thought that really starts to make a lot of sense but this right here is the most common interview question you're going to get asked and the thing you want to look for is whether or not they're using VAR or let if they're using let it'll work just like you normally expect it to while VAR is kind of interesting because of the way that it works with hoisting now I know this is all confusing but honestly the most important thing to understand about closures is that they work just like normal scoping but it's kind of a special case for when you have functions inside of other functions that's really all you need to understand about closures in order to be a master of them now if you enjoyed this video and you really liked this deep dive approach you're going to love my JavaScript simplified course I'll link it in the description for you it's a full complete course that covers literally everything you ever need to know about JavaScript not only to be a junior developer but to even take your skills to a more intermediate and midlevel developer it truly covers everything that you need to know and is absolutely massive I'll link that down in the description for you also if you want something free you can check out I have multiple free pdf cheat sheets for different JavaScript Concepts such as the different Dom traversal methods or maybe even different array methods that you may want to know as a JavaScript developer I'll link those in the description below for you too they're completely free for you to download with that said thank you very much for watching and have a good day