Transcript for:
Early America and the Antebellum Period

greetings class and welcome back to our discussion of uh early America and the annabellum period uh I want you you know remember that we are you know in this section trying to recognize the reasons why America splits how did we go from being a unified nation in 1800 to being a nation that is split and on the verge of Civil War in 1860 so again this isn't you know one thing that we can talk about on one slide this is something that we're discussing over the course of this section um this video today is going to look at some social and cultural aspects of the United States in the antibellum period um so far we've we've sort of been following a political and Military timeline where we've been sort of going president by president president um this video won't be like that because what we're going to discuss in this video is some sociocultural um happenings that extend beyond the presidencies of uh you know certain presidents during this period so um as we're discussing some of these things um keep in mind that this is is sort of it's showing you what American society is like during this period it it's not specific to one president so not you know Jackson or pul or or you know anything like that we are sort of looking at society as a whole in the in the midst of these presidencies so we can kind of better understand uh why things are the way they are and why people are voting the way they vote um so what we're going to do first first here is we're going to look at what southern society looks like and then we're going to look at what Northern society looks like because ultimately we're trying to put these two at odds with one another um and then we'll look at some some cultural things that that sort of affect those societies all right so the first thing we want to look at is the annabellum South um if you recall right going back last few lessons uh the south is primarily focused on maintaining The Agrarian way of life um that you know that the Southern economy is based on growing cotton that that's its purpose to grow cotton um but when we look at the socioeconomic system uh that is is centered around growing that cotton we have something that is very similar to sort of the manorialism of of of medieval Europe um so uh basically the the class in power in the south is what we're going to refer to as the plantation society um so today when we think of of of class we go you know upper class middle class lower class those are sort of interpretations of class in a POS industrial World remember the south is pre-industrial all right the North's industrializing but the south is not not yet so um it's a little more complicated than our modern interpretation of class structure and so uh the the upper class what we would call the upper class in the south is the plantation society um these are the Planters these are the people who own the plantations um but it's more complicated than that they have the power they have the economic power they because they have the wealth um they also have the political power um because what you have in these plantations uh you can imagine a wealthy family owning lots of land you know lots of Plantation you know of land to grow cotton on um that these families would have more than one child and ultimately only one child can inherit the plantation you don't want to split up the plantation amongst three or four Sons uh because ultimately what would happen is the the land would dwindle down and and in an agrarian society which the south is in an agrarian society wealth is tied to the land so we can't split the land uh if we have 10,000 acres we have to keep that 10,000 acres which means one son would inherit all of that land so uh in this case you know maybe the oldest son inherits the the plantation but what happens to the other Sons well uh because this family has wealth they will send those Sons to school uh and they will study law and you know people who study law normally end up going into politics and so uh not only do are are your lawyers from the plantation society your judges are from the plantation society your state representatives are from the plantation society your state senators are from the plantation society your Governors are from the plantation society uh your US representatives and senators are from the plantation society so the the the plantation society is more than just hey these are the rich people with the big house that grow the cotton they really control you know the socio economic uh ladder and and uh system in the South okay now with that said they are actually a very small class uh just like today how the upper class is very small uh the upper class here would be very small so the plantation society even though they control a lot of the land and a lot of the wealth and a lot of the political power they are a very small class um this is also the class that owns the slaves so when you think about the Annabell period and you think about a plantation with a big house and lots of land and it's growing cotton and it has slaves working the land that is the plantation society but that is a small uh piece of the population okay so moving down the ladder the next class is the yman farmers and this would probably be the the closest thing we could relate to as a middle class um but the yman farmers were basically these were the Family Farms these were people who owned a little bit of land and they grew crops on it maybe they grew a little bit of cash crops like cotton but but for the most part they're not going to be able to compete with the Planters when it comes to Growing the cash crops so instead they're going to focus on growing food for themselves uh maybe a little bit for Market but these are Family Farms okay not plantations but Farms so smaller acreage um worked by the family so so the family themselves would work this land they might have um maybe a couple of Hired Hands to work the land it's even possible that they might have owned a slave or two but this is not what we think of when we think of the slave owning class uh for the most part yman farmers were not slave owners and again this is sort of the majority of the South this is what most most Southerners were is this um small farm um you know family-owned Farms they didn't own slaves um then we go down the down a step and we have poor whites so poor whites would be whites in the South who don't own any land and so because they don't own land uh they're in a bad spot because in an agrarian society as we've said wealth is tied to the land and so if you don't own land you can't have any wealth and so poor whites are in a bad spot because they have to uh find work and so the places they can find work is is fairly limited because there's not a lot of industry in the South um so there there's no factories to get jobs in um there's a little bit of shipping in the South that they may may can get jobs on uh work the docks or something like that um they might can get hired on by a yman farmer by a family as a farmand um they might could be hired by a plantation to be like an overseer um but again those jobs would be limited because the primary labor force in the south is either going to be these families who are working their own Farms or slaves who are working on the plantation so there's not a lot of space in that for these poor whites and so uh among the three of these between the poor whites who don't own land and would like to um the the yman farmers who do own land uh and and are working their own farms and then the plantation society which is got the big plantations growing all the cotton uh land is is significant and so in the South there is a a an Ever growing demand for land and so some of the things we've talked about like moving West uh annexing new places like Florida and Texas or um you know taking Indian Land uh why is all that important to the South because they need more land land for cotton um or land to survive on because the the south is an agrarian society you got to have land um now below the poor whites are the free blacks um there's not a lot of free blacks in the South for for obvious reasons um but those that are uh interestingly the the two classes that have the most in common are the poor whites and the free blacks um because of the economic situation they are both in the same boat they're both struggling to find work because the current socioeconomic system which is cotton plantations based on slavery doesn't afford either of those uh really an opportunity for work um and so again the poor whites and the free blacks have the most in common um the only difference between them is their race and that's sort of the sad irony of this because uh you would assume that having the most in common they would work together but actually they are pitted against one another um and and part of that has to do with the plantations of society trying to maintain control um by telling poor whites who can vote right cuz poor blacks can't vote but poor whites can um telling them hey you know you you benefit from slavery even though you don't have slaves you benefit from it because if slaves were emancipated if if the slaves were to go free uh imagine how much competition you would have then when it came to trying to find work and so they they use arguments like that to to pit poor whites and free blacks against one another um and in doing so maintain the status quo of keeping themselves at the top um now under free blacks is the slaves and um within the system of slavery that exists in the South uh there's basically three subfields right you have field slaves which is what is pictured here uh these are the the people who work the fields primarily they're going to be associated with cotton because cotton is the main crop and again most slaves are owned by the plantation society and that's how the plantation society's making money the the the cotton is the Cornerstone of the economy U but there might be other uh field you know other field work that the slaves do depending on the place maybe they're still growing some rice or some Indigo or something like that on the coast um but cotton is the main the main thing uh and then you have domes domc slaves domestic slaves would be slaves who worked in the house right in the manor in the plantation house right so these would be slaves who cook who clean who do laundry uh maybe they take care of the children um but these are the ones who have the closest ties for good or for bad okay but but they are the closest in um uh to the family to the owners the Masters all right in their day-to-day life they're working in and around the Masters right the the field slaves potentially may never even see the master right because there's a good chance that the plantations are not even connected maybe maybe these slaves work a a piece of land that is not directly connected to the land that the master owns so there's a good chance they've never even seen this person um and that Plantation that they actually are own is ran by over seers or something like that uh and then there's a third category of slave which is much smaller much more specialized but it's the skilled slave and this is um sort of a unique example it it doesn't really fit the mainstream uh perception of of how the south is set up but in the South you obviously still have skilled workers like blacksmiths right so for example a blacksmith um a blacksmith may have a slave for the purpose of doing some of the menial Labor uh so for example a blacksmith has a skill he can make stuff out out of iron but um you know to to make the iron he has to have a fire uh a hot fire you know going to to work the iron and anybody can make a fire so uh rather than waste his time uh dealing with things like splitting fire wood uh he might buy a slave to do that aspect of the Labor uh and so you have a slave to do the the menial task such as splitting firewood so that the blacksmith can focus more on the task right um but what happens is uh the the skilled worker the blacksmith uh ends up teaching the slave how to do some of those skills so the slave ultimately learns to become a blacksmith themselves um these type of slaves these skilled slaves uh typically have the best chance of earning their freedom because normally they get paid um because typically a blacksmith or something like that would live in town and uh a slave would be responsible for buying its own food because it couldn't go get food it couldn't grow its own food like on a plantation um and so they would get paid and and they would have have to end up using that money uh to buy their freedom and things like that um now now one of the problems with slavery and we talked a little bit about this when we talked about the colonial period and we talked about the Stono Rebellion uh but people don't want to be slaves right uh if you go back through history no matter where you go you could go to ancient Egypt you could go to uh ancient China ancient Rome ancient Greece ancient Mexico wherever uh there's going to be slavery and there's also going to be slave rebellions people rebel against slavery and so uh in the south in the annabellum period that's no different uh you're going to have resistance to slavery people are going to run away and and we'll talk more about runaways later U but you're also going to have slave rebellions and uh there are no examples of a successful slave rebellion in the United States all slave rebellions turn out to be unsuccessful um but the most notorious uh slave rebellion that happens in the the annabellum period is called the Southampton uh Insurrection sometimes this is called n Turner's Rebellion uh this happens in August of 19 or I'm sorry 1831 um this is the deadliest slave rebellion in terms of the number of white people killed uh in US history um and so uh basically this was led by Nat Turner Nat Turner was an educated slave he was literate he could read and write and he was also a preacher um and he leads this Insurrection or this Rebellion uh and ultimately it gets put down it gets stopped um but over 150 people get killed um somewhere between 55 and 65 white people get killed in the actual slave rebellion and then uh in retaliation for this uh over 120 blacks get killed so um you know a tragic story um lot of controversy a lot of debate about this you know uh obviously this is going to be a very divisive topic even today about you know is this right is it wrong uh can something wrong like slavery uh you know if we agree today that slavery is wrong can we look at something like this and say this was a bad thing even though it was against an institution that we also agree is bad obviously that's something that people could debate over over and over again um I just want you to to think about that right um now this did have some repercussions anytime there's a slave rebellion there's going to be repercussions right so in this case because Nat Turner was an educated person uh and a preacher meaning he preached to Slaves they had a congregation um it's going to change laws it's going to create greater uh restrictions on educating slaves so it's going to become uh prohibited to teach slaves to read and write and it's going to become harder for slaves to worship together um you know that the idea of them being able to congregate and assemble uh is seen as a thread by the by the people in power so uh greater restrictions on them after that all right now let's look at the north right so the North's a little simpler when it comes to the social ladder um basically at the top you have the industrialist the industrialists are the people who own the factories the the the people who are in charge of the industrialization right uh so people that own the factories they're at the top of the ladder now skipping the middle we'll go straight to the bottom the bottom class is people that work in the factories so uh if you're a factory owner you're at the top if you're a factory worker you're at the B Bottom now if you look at who the factory workers are you'll notice something interesting it's almost resembles what we looked at in the South we have the poor whites and we have the free blacks and again these two groups actually have the most in common the only thing different about them is their race so they're competing for the same jobs which allows people at the top to sort of pit them against each other um but we have a third demographic here right instead of poor whites free blacks and slaves we have poor whites free blacks and immigrants all right immigrants are coming to America for the purpose of working in these factories now they might be escaping things that are happening wherever they're coming from right so what whatever's happening in their Homeland and they're escaping that we would call that a push factor they're being pushed all right out of their Homeland all right it could be religious persecution it could be Financial persec it be whatever um but then once they're pushed what is attracting them to where they go next and that's what we would call a pull factor so they're being pushed out of their Homeland and they're being pulled to America and the thing that is pulling them is the opportunity for jobs in these factories so therefore most of our immigrants are moving to the north rather than the South right they're moving to the north um now now everybody else in the north would fall under the middle class so you either own the factory or you work in the factory if those two don't apply chances are your middle class middle class would be your doctors your lawyers your teachers your shop owners etc etc right um and we can relate a little bit closer to this today thinking of of basically three classes um now at the bottom here you see a word and that word is the Skilling uh and this is interesting and we can relate to it cuz we just talked about a blacksmith a blacksmith is an example of a skilled worker okay so skilled workers are workers who have uh a skill uh they are usually considered Craftsman right so uh a blacksmith who makes things out of iron a silver smith who makes things out of silver a gunsmith who makes Guns by hand right all of these things are examples of skilled workers this person has a craft uh that they're good at right and they make these things by hand maybe they make clocks maybe they make you know jewelry whatever in an industrialized setting all right people are no longer doing these tasks uh instead of making Nails by hand the way a blacksmith would do it nails are now made in a factory by machines and so humans their job is no longer to make the nails their job is to operate the machine that makes the nails and so we refer to this as deskilling because you know it takes someone a long time and a lot of practice under the supervision of an expert to become an expert themselves that's why you have these things like an apprentice in this old system in the new system with uh factories and machines it doesn't take very long to train someone at all uh you can train them how to work the machines very quickly and so what ends up happening is you replace a population of skilled workers with a population of unskilled workers all right uh think about you know we mentioned a clocks a clock maker uh think about how much time and effort it took that person to learn how to make clogs and now think of someone who works in a clock Factory how they don't really know how to make clocks they just know how to work a machine that at the end of the line a clock is produced um and so this deskilling thing is important because it helps us understand why slavery and Industry don't go together um in this these cities in in in the north right um these people work in a factory which is going to be located in a city they are still going to be responsible for basic human needs so you're you're still going to need food you're still going to need clothing you're still going to need shelter all right now in the old agrarian society when we're talking about manorialism in Europe or slavery in Greece or slavery in America those things those basic human needs in a slavery system are provided by the slave owner they may not be good but they're there right the food the clothing and shelter is provided because uh slaves are an investment it's weird for us to say that today because we you know see slaves as human beings and and we see the institution of slavery as wrong but from their perspective this is an investment right you wouldn't buy a tractor and then purposely neglect the tractor and let it you know be destroyed the the same goes for the slaves themselves they have to be provided for for however in the industrial system all right which you know is is arguably better because it doesn't have slavery those humans who work in those factories still have to provide themselves with basic needs food clothing and shelter except now they are going to be provided with these things uh they're they're going to have to provide these things for themselves with their wages so they have to use the money that they earn to pay for food clothing and shelter now the reason that this is better than slavery is far as the economics of it are concerned from from the from the top down is that uh at this time there weren't a lot of regulations over private business that there weren't hardly any so things that we think of today like minimum wage or workers compensation or unemployment benefits or whatever those things didn't exist and so if a person didn't work they didn't get paid they didn't eat and they didn't have a place to live so uh supply and demand really determined what these people's wages were going to be all right now as unskilled workers because we just discussed how they were deskilled as unskilled workers all right that means that the more people that are there all right all right that that means the supply of potential workers is high which means the the demand for them is low so therefore their price is going to be low um and so uh you would have you could have people working in these factories for a few cents a day um if that's what the wage that was negotiated right so it was cheaper this this is what a lot of people don't understand it was cheaper to pay workers a wage in the industrial world than it was to provide for slaves in sort of the old system uh and so it's actually cheaper for the industrialist to pay the workers because again there's no there's no regulations on how much they have to be paid it simply Works off supply and demand so the more people there are that need a job in that factory the more that benefits the industrialist So that obviously uh shows us why the workers are the lower class they are at the mercy of you know the supply and demand system now I don't want to sound like someone who's against capitalism or against flying demand I I support those things uh but you do have to understand in the context of when it happened um that that because of the circumstances uh of of people flooding to these jobs that it did lower their bargaining power to do this unskilled labor so you have certain problems that exist in the north that you don't really see in the South the South has its problems clearly uh because we just talked about some of them but the north has problems too associated with industrialization and urbanization um the cities are going to be crowded there there's always almost always going to be more people in the city than the city can hold uh because the city would grow to accommodate the people not the other way around so the cities are going to be crowded uh they're going to be dirty because there is no uh you know sanitation regulations so there's a lot of pollution both from the amount of people living there and the factories that are there uh there's going to be crime and the fact that you have immigrants coming in and sort of forming their own little enclaves uh you're going to have not just crime but you're going to have organized crime based on um you know identity like you know Irish gangs or or Russian gangs or whatever um and so you're also going to have uh in the north a a a an ideology referred to as nativism nativism is basically the belief that immigrants throw pose a threat to society um now obviously it's not to say that the South didn't have these feelings but there's not a lot of immigrants coming to the South as compared to the north but uh the nativists in in the annabellum period were basically focused on three areas um the economics of it basically the more immigrants that come into the country uh the harder it makes for the people who are already here to bargain for their wages obviously the the more people that are flooding in for these industrialized jobs that benefits the industrialist because he can take the workers for the lowest wage um there's also the cultural aspect of it uh most Americans prior to the Civil War uh were Protestants uh from You Know englishspeaking Places England or Scotland um what we begin to see in the you know 1820s 1830s 1840s is a lot of Catholic immigrants uh especially from Ireland um and so uh a lot of the nativists think that these these this quote unquote invasion of Catholics um poses a threat to our American way of life because of of one being Protestant but two uh being loyal to someone like the pope how does that you know affect us being a republic you know ideas like that uh and then the environmental aspect of it is basically just the again the amount of crowding and the pollution that accompanies that in the cities uh there's actually a political party that was created uh sometimes it's referred to as the Native American party party or just the American party uh a lot of times you'll hear it called the noo party uh and this was an anti-immigration party they were anti-immigration and anti-catholic um and it again this would have been a a more prominent party in the north because they're dealing with more uh immigration there now another uh major cultural event that happened uh in America during this time period we're looking at the the the first half of the 19th century um we have something called the Second Great Awakening uh if you remember when we studied the colonial period we talked about the first Great Awakening and the spread of religious revival throughout the English colonies the Second Great Awakening is basically another spread of religious revival throughout the United States um you know Americans getting saved uh becoming more religious uh and there's also social reform tied to this movement and we'll talk about that in a little while um by by this time period there's three major denominations in America uh the Presbyterians the methodists and the Baptists so that is our big three when it comes to uh you know denominations in America these three Protestant denominations I do want to I I'll go ahead and mention this you'll see we'll talk about it later but all three of these are going to end up having uh they're going to fragment they're going to split over certain social issues like slavery um so in other words they still believe in their core beliefs uh but they're going to disagree over the issue of slavery and so you're going to have Southern versions of the Baptists the methodists and the Presbyterians and Northern versions of the Baptist the methodists and the Presbyterians uh and then also in the Second Great Awakening we have some new religious movements uh some that uh you know some are you know ones that people would argue are different from traditional uh Christianity and so we'll we'll talk about those as well all right so the first thing we'll mention uh outside of the the scope of of you know our Baptist Presbyterians and methodists uh is adventism and so the word Advent you may be familiar with the idea of an advent calendar like at Christmas time you might have a an advent calendar that counts down to to Christmas well if you think of of Christmas in in the Christian you know uh doctrine that is the celebration of the birth of Christ and Christ uh was he pre-existed you know he was before uh him being born in Bethlehem is not his beginning that's just the Incarnation that's him taking physical form so uh the the adventism or Advent refers to the coming of Christ uh that's why you would have an advent calendar at Christmas well adventism here refers to the second coming of Christ so you know in the Bible uh Christ it is prophesied that Christ will return there will be a second coming of Christ and so so U there was a Baptist preacher named William Miller right we just talked about three main denominations uh he was a Baptist but he was studying Prophecy in the Book of Daniel and he thought based on the prophecy and based on certain world events that had happened he thought that he knew when Christ would come back and he thought that that would be sometime between 1843 and 1844 and so he starts preaching that Christ is coming back in in 18431 1844 he gets these followers that are become known as millerites um and they are ready for Christ's return and of course Christ did not come back and they refer to this as the great disappointment they were expecting him to return and he did not uh and and this is known as the great disappointment and a lot of the millerites sort of disbanded but but not all of them did uh and some of them ended up you know creating what became known as the Seventh Day Adventist Church okay and now if you're familiar with this this particular denomination they put a lot of emphasis on uh the Mosaic law the The Ten Commandments and um and part of that was their belief that that Christ didn't come back because things need to be cleaned up first and they need to be living right by the law and so that is that is you know how we moved from from William Miller To This 7eventh Day Adventist Church now another group that is uh founded during this time during this Second Great Awakening uh is the Mormons right the the Mormonism uh which is associated with the Christian holy text the Holy Bible and this new revelation uh brought uh by this guy Joseph Smith uh called The Book of Mormon so Joseph Smith claims to have a new revelation and his followers are known as Mormons um now him and his brother uh his brother's named hyram Smith they were murdered um because of their beliefs in uh polygamy polygamy is is having more than one wife uh so there was some conflict between uh their teachings and sort of the mainstream you know Protestant theology in America and these guys end up getting murdered and once their dead uh Brigham Young takes control of the church and there's a few exceptions there's other some other Mormon splinters you know groups out there uh but the the main body of of the Mormons which are known as the latterday Saints uh brigam y takes those guys to the Utah territory now this is in 1847 when they arrive in Utah which is technically not part of the United States yet uh but it will become part of the United States and we'll learn more about that later um now there's another group all right uh in and this is not specific to America or the Second Great Awakening there's there's a there's an a theology called Unitarianism uh Unitarianism rejects the idea of the Holy Trinity so for the most part whether it is uh the Eastern Orthodox you know Church the Roman Catholic church or most Protestant denominations uh most of them believe that uh in the idea of the Holy Trinity the idea that God is one God that exists in three persons the Father the Son and the Holy Ghost um that's you know pretty common theology among Christianity there's a lot of biblical evidence for for it but there's some uh groups out there that don't believe uh in that concept uh they believe that there's only one God which is the Creator and that is not Jesus um and so those are called unitarians and uh there was a particular Unitarian named Ralph Waldo Emerson uh and he wrote an essay called nature now again because he's a Unitarian uh and therefore you know God is only one and it's the Creator uh he believes that you know you can't experience God through Christ so uh or you know so or the holy spirit so there has to be something else so he he argued that you could experience God through nature and so this essay nature leads to a movement called transcendentalism uh so transcendentalism considered one of the first you know American philosophies it it's it's distinctly American but it's the idea that God is found through nature and natural experience uh it also emphasizes that people are good now that's interesting because most Christian beliefs believe that people are bad people you know it's a an important theme in in Christianity that people are sinful and therefore they need a savior which would be Jesus Christ in transcendentalism the idea is that people are good because God created everything and God cre you know called it good when when God created things he called it good so uh they believe that people are good but Society is bad and that's why you have to get back to Nature um so this was a a pretty powerful movement in New England sort of a New England based movement uh there was even something called the transcendental club and there were some a lot of famous writers and thinkers and philosophers that were part of this uh but two of the most famous were Henry David thoro uh thorough wrote a book called Walden where he argued that people needed to get back to simple living in a natural environment so again the emphasis there is on nature um he also wrote some an essay called Civil Disobedience where he argued that it was um okay for people to engage in civil disobedience in other words break laws when the laws were unjust another famous transcendentalist is Margaret Fuller uh she was the editor of a transcendentalist Journal called the dial and she also wrote a book called woman in the 19th century now this book woman in the 19th century is a transcendentalist book but it's also considered one of the first major feminist works in the US she was a strong advocate of women's rights uh so on that note I want to mention that all of this Second Great Awakening which was happening over several decades all right it um it led to social reform we mentioned that earlier that it led to to to social reform so there was sort of a moral movement that accompanied this uh Second Great Awakening and so I've already discussed that the the these religious views uh cause some splits in some of the more prominent churches where you had you know maybe Baptist in the South saying hey slavery is okay it's in the Bible the Bible doesn't condemn it we don't see anything wrong with slavery whereas in the north they're saying hey no slavery is wrong the Bible does condemn slavery and so you have splits among those denominations um but there's other things that are tied to this sort of moral movement that accompanies the Second Great Awakening there's other uh things that are tied to it so we look at them so one of them is women's rights we just talked about Margaret Fuller in her book woman in the 19th century but uh most people don't think of the women's rights movement as being an Antella movement but it it that's this is really you know where it starts uh you could even argue it goes all the way back to U you know um Abigail Adams but uh significant event that happens here in 1848 the Sia Falls Convention this was the first uh Women's Rights Convention organized by women uh you see two names here Elizabeth Katie Stanton and Luccia M so what's interesting here is the women's rights movement and the abolition movement we'll talk about the abolition movement in a minute but they were originally connected uh and then the women's rights movement gets overshadowed by the abolition movement and and so what happened is these two ladies they went to uh a world anti-slavery convention in London so um as we've mentioned before Britain one of the first anti-slavery Nations and both of these ladies are from the north pretty much everybody we have focused on here has been in the north um but they go to this convention in London because they are strong Advocates of abolition they're against slavery uh and they get there and they're not allowed to be seated and they're not allowed to vote because they're women and so there there's sort of an irony there they go there to fight for human rights uh as far as slavery goes and then they're not allowed to participate because they're women so they come back and they host this Sena Falls convention in New York and here uh they produce a declaration of sentiments now this is interesting because it is modeled after the Declaration of Independence they sort of copy the Declaration of Independence um which you should be familiar with uh and they did this on purpose because they're showing hey America this is what we believe right well this applies to us as well meaning women this applies to women um all of these these promises and standards and the idea that all men are created equal that means women too um and so in this declaration of sentiments they list 15 grievances they also list 11 resolutions that would promote women's access to civil rights uh and at the end of the day a 100 uh people sign it about two-thirds of them are women about a third of them are men uh famously Frederick Douglas is one of the men who signs it and if you don't know who he is let's talk about abolitionism okay so abolitionism is the movement uh that is fighting for the immediate and unconditional uh abolition or end of slavery all right now I mentioned this in a previous video but I want to make this very clear all right not everyone in America that is against slavery can be called an abolitionist all right there are people who are against slavery that believe that that when the time is right we can end slavery there's people who are against slavery because they don't want it to spread to new States but they think that Georgia and South Carolina and Virginia should be allowed to keep it those people would not be considered abolitionist an abolitionist says that slavery is morally wrong and it needs to be stopped period okay now a couple of famous abolitionists obviously there's more than two there there's lots of of abolitionists uh but a couple of them worth noting uh William Lloyd Garrison he was the editor of he was the founder and editor of a of a journal a magazine called The Liberator uh which was a um you know abolitionist newspaper uh and he also founded the American anti-slavery Society uh and then Frederick Douglas fed Frederick Douglas we just discussed was at the Sena Falls convention uh he was a former slave he was sort of the um I don't want to use the word poster child but he was an abolitionist celebrity he was uh he he had published a uh an autobiography called Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas As Told by himself basically describe what it was like being a slave and of course people who read that sympathized with it um and so uh these were two uh leading uh proponents of abolition all right the last thing we'll talk about is the temperance movement uh this kind of like the women's rights movement sort of gets overshadowed by the abolition movement and eventually the Civil War and stuff and so uh the women's rights movement and the uh temperance movement are things that get brought up again later like in US history part two if you take that course um because the legislation that affects those things happened later you know in the in the 1900s but the movement was the was it sought to ban or curb the consumption of alcohol um and and if you don't know eventually alcohol was made illegal in this country eventually that was overturned by another Constitutional Amendment but uh this was a powerful movement even before the Civil War um lots of people you know associated with it but one of the most famous is Lyman beer uh we're bringing him up because we're going to m I want you to remember him later we're going to talk about something later and we will call back to this man but Lyman beer he was one of these sort of celebrity uh preachers from the Second Great Awakening he was a a famous preacher associated with the Second Great Awakening uh he in fact he had published six sermons just on the topic of temperance um now the word Temperance really means self-control that's what Temperance means is self-control but it's applied here to mean uh the Banning you know stopping alcohol Banning of alcohol uh in fact during this time a lot of times they would refer to it as intemperance so Lyman beer would have you know used the term in Temperance because excessive drinking is the opposite of temperance Temperance being self-control um but we've come to associate the word Temperance with with trying to stop the drinking right uh and then in 1826 we had the American Temperance Society founded in New England and and hopefully you noticed a everything you know that we focused on has been in the north um not to say that I mean the Second Great Awakening was Nationwide so things were happening in the South as well but a lot of stuff we focused on is in the north because we're kind of showing how the north is moving in this Progressive Era where the south is not and that again is helping explain why this split happens um so again none of this is associated with any particular presidency uh this is overlapping several presidencies here in the middle between I would say between Jackson and Lincoln um but we will uh in the next video we'll sort of get back on the timeline I just want you to keep these factors in mind uh as happening in the background to better explain why there's the political discourse that we're having between these two parties and and and you know the collapse of some parties and the creation of new parties and so on and so forth so I hope you found this interesting and I hope all of this makes sense once it's all tied together at the end of this section thank you