Lecture Notes: Understanding Neurons

Introduction

• Today’s discussion topic: Neurons (nerve cells)
• Importance of nerve cells: Transmit electrical impulses in the body.
• The human brain consists of approximately 86 billion nerve cells.

Structure of Neurons

Key Components

1. Axon

   • Responsible for transmitting electrical signals.
   • Connects one nerve cell to another and leads to final destinations (e.g., organs, muscles).

2. Dendrites

   • Structures that receive signals from other nerve cells (e.g., from organs or the brain).
   • Electrical signals travel from dendrites to the cell body.

3. Cell Body

   • Contains the nucleus.
   • The nucleus:
     • Organelle that holds genetic material.
     • Regulates growth and development of the nerve cell.

4. Myelin Sheath

   • Present in many nerve cells.
   • Influences the speed of electrical signal transmission.
   • Signals can travel as fast as 120 meters per second in myelinated nerve cells.

Signal Transmission

Mechanism of Action

• Example: Movement of the thumb triggered by the brain.
• Action Potential: Initiated by the brain, travels along nerve cells to the thumb.

Nervous System Structure

• Nerves consist of bundles of nerve cells (neurons).
• Between nerve cells is a gap called the synapse.

Signal Conduction Process

1. Action potential travels to the dendrite of the first nerve cell.
2. The signal moves through the cell body to the axon.
3. Neurotransmitters:
   • Chemical messengers between nerve cells.
   • Released into the synapse to generate action potential in the next nerve cell.
4. Process repeats until the signal reaches the target muscle (e.g., thumb).

Conclusion

• The process of signal transmission inspired the name "Neuron" for the team.
• Aim: To receive, process, and convey information for educational purposes.
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