Lecture Notes: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Overview

• Skeleton: Divided into two main sections: axial and appendicular.
• Axial Skeleton: Includes the head, spine, ribs, breastplate, and hyoid bone.
• Appendicular Skeleton: Consists of the upper and lower extremities.

Axial Skeleton

• Components:
  • Skull
  • Spine (Vertebral Column)
  • Ribs
  • Breastplate
  • Hyoid Bone

Skull

• Contains the brain and facial bones.
• Sutures: Joints between bones, like in the skull.
• Key Bones:
  • Frontal Bone: Forms the forehead, contains sinuses.
  • Parietal Bones: Form the sides and roof of the cranium.
  • Temporal Bones: Located on the sides of the skull, involve the ear canal.
  • Occipital Bone: Back of the skull, contains the foramen magnum.
  • Sphenoid Bone: Keystone bone, all cranial bones attach to it.
  • Ethmoid Bone: Located at the roof of the nose.

Sutures

• Coronal Suture: Between frontal and parietal bones.
• Sagittal Suture: Between parietal bones.
• Landoid Suture: Between parietal and occipital bones.
• Squamous Suture: Flat suture on the side.

Facial Bones

• Maxilla: Upper jawbone.
• Zygomatic Bone: Cheekbone.
• Mandible: Lower jawbone, key in chewing.
• Nasal Bones: Form the bridge of the nose.
• Lacrimal Bones: Small bones forming part of the eye socket.
• Palatine Bones: Form part of the hard palate.
• Vomer: Part of the nasal septum.
• Inferior Nasal Conchae: Form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

Appendicular Skeleton

• Includes pectoral girdle (shoulder blades and collarbones) and pelvic girdle.

Upper Extremities

• Pectoral Girdle: Includes the scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone).
• Function: Facilitates arm movement.

Lower Extremities

• Pelvis: Composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Important Concepts

• Sutures: Joints that have minimal movement, like those in the skull.
• Craniosacral Therapy: Technique used for head injuries by manipulating sutures.
• Fontanelles: Soft spots on a baby's skull where bones have not yet fused.

Muscles and Attachments

• Mastoid Process: Bump behind the ear, muscle attachment.
• Mandibular Fossa: Depression where the mandible fits with the skull.
• Pterygoid Processes: Extensions of the sphenoid bone important for muscle attachment in chewing.

Additional Notes

• Sinuses: Hollow chambers in the skull that lighten the head and resonate voice.
• Cranial Fossae: Depressions in the base of the skull that house brain structures.

Study Tips

• Focus on difference between appendicular and axial skeleton.
• Understand suture types and their locations.
• Remember key facial bones and their functions.
• Use mnemonic devices to remember bone names and locations.