Programming Fundamentals Lecture Notes

Introduction to Programming Concepts

Purpose: Understanding basic programming concepts and how they are implemented through code.
Main Focus: Conditional statements, object references, and string manipulations.

Conditional Statements Role: Used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
- Examples: if, else, switch statements.
- Scenario Handling: Example provided to handle different fruit types using conditional checks.
if Statement
- Structure: Basic conditional check to execute a code block if the condition is true.
- Example: if(fruit.equals('mango')) { print('King of fruits'); }
else Statement
- Function: Extends if statement to execute a different code block if the if condition is false.
- Example: Handling multiple fruit types.
switch Statement
- Purpose: More readable and organized way to handle multiple conditional checks.
- Example: Handling fruits like mango, orange, etc.
- Case Statements: Each case corresponds to a possible value of the switch expression.
```
switch(fruit) {
    case 'mango':
        print('King of fruits');
        break;
    case 'orange':
        print('Citrus fruit');
        break;
    // default case
    default:
        print('Unknown fruit');
}
```

Understanding Objects: How objects are stored and referenced in memory.
Memory Allocation: Multiple references can point to the same object in memory.
String Comparison: Importance of comparing strings using equals method rather than ==.
- Example: if (str1.equals(str2)) { /* do something */ }

Scanner Input: Using scanner to take user inputs and process data accordingly.
- Example: Scanning fruit names and printing details based on conditional checks.
String Manipulations: Creating, comparing, and modifying strings in Java.
- Common Methods: equals, substring, charAt, etc.
```
String fruit = 
```