[Music] no [Music] idea okay good than okay sorry about that okay so let's go in chapter there's the thing you should know chapter 10 chapter 11 um should know by of course you should know what this is a the center different between central nervous system propal nervous system central nervous system brain spal cord the nerves that come from those areas is constitutes the propal nervous system menes are coverings of the brain SP cord and you should know the three layers you know the one that's most superficial or outside is a door Mator the one in the middle is the rid Mater and then the innermost layer is called the pator um these are coverings of the brain and spinal core brain beanium energies spinal core spin energes okay so we did this in in the lab very familiar with that one so you should know about that um the other thing is a spinal fluid let's talk about cerebral spinal fluid I told you when we did this I said that you need to know three things you need to know what makes it uh where is it stored and then actually how you drain it okay so it's made in these ventricles doesn't matter which one you can produce it in there and it's produced by something called a choroid plexus which are specialized capillaries in those ventricles right so produces secretions once you produce it goes in subid space and then travels around the brain and down the central canel spinal cord then goes back up to the brain it's drained off by retinal granulations so three things you need to know what makes it which is a choid plexus where it's stored of subo space and then what drains it off is called the aroid granulations which are which is down here that's what I would know all right so three things in there that's food sorry can you say that one more time yeah three things you should know where what what produces it cor plexus where is it stored once it's made it's in the subid space and then how do you drain it off it's called rapid granulations down here it has it under it's underlined right here I would know that those three things I would know about cereal SW fluid okay shock absorber nourishes neurons Pro provides a great environment to to live in uh and um um and that's the those are three things you should know by it okay and uh um so that's cerebral SW fluid those are important there so I would know that other than that let's look at the brain the brain does have you know centers for sensory functions also has centers for perceptions and sensory it does have motor commands to skeletal muscles as a cerebellum does has higher mental function such as memory reasoning that's really with the tempal lobe uh it has neural cus for coordinating muscular movements that's a cerebellum has noral sentence for viscal activity that's an the medulla and personality is actually seen in the brain specifically in the frontal o so it does all that okay so I would know the four parts of the brain okay you should know what those are by now right by heart cerebrum dlon cerebellum brain stem okay and uh so those are the four major parts the largest part of the brain is the cerebrum the second largest part is the cerebellum okay and then brain spin is also important but those are the two biggest part largest parts of the brain so if you look at the Ser cerebrum okay cerebrum is where the loes of brain come from okay so it's called when you look at the RO they come from the outer part of C cerebrum called cerebral cortex okay so that's where Lo of the brain come from and you should know what the loes are so here they are you do have four of them that you can see from the outside there's frontal Lo which is the largest one which is right here which is [Music] um considered to be the motor cortex this is the motor cortex pyob which is here is a sensory cortex uh temporal LOE is the auditory cortex and then the simp is the visual cortex so I would know it that way because they're ex they're going to ask you which which of these loes is considered to be visual cortex motor cortex sensory cortex and AR cortex okay so that's how they'll test you on that that's usually how we ask that question so the the frontal is the motor motor cortex y sensory yes temporal is Vision auditory cortex cortex Cici yeah so I would know that types of Cortex that they they have okay that's you know about the loes of the brain okay um okay so here's the thing I had student asked me this morning and he's on right now so he asked me this morning was a good question was was difference between gra matter and white matter okay gra matter gra matter is cell bodies and dendrit that's what gr matter is white matter is just heavily mated accents that's the difference between those okay and we've asked that question too before so I would know I would remember that okay what makes of gr matter and what makes of white matter gr matter s Bo and dendrites white matters basically heavily mon axles all right so uh let's look at this I want to show you this drawing here this uh image here of the brain does show us all the loes and I want to point out two special areas in the loes of the brain they're called brokas area and War Niki's area Okay so brokus area is in the bottom part of the frontal which is right here okay and this is referred to the motor speech area because this is what sends impulses to the muscles that you use to speak okay and does anybody know how many muscles used to speak two three 10 over 100 and they have to contract the same right way and relax it right way if they don't you won't be able to speak okay but the impulses are sent to those muscles okay by the brokus area so that's the Bron Lo so if you have damage frontal lo you will not be able to do that right that's why in frontal Lo stroke someone if you you see someone has a frontal Lo stroke they're looking at you they understand exactly what they want to say but they can't okay because the muscles in the moth are paralyzed okay that's brok his area so I want you to remember that as motor speech area there's another one right between the temporal lobe and the pr this is called War Nikki's area and this is a uh sensory speech area which means basically it allows you to understand language also it allows you to know what words to use in communication okay and if you have a stroke in that area you would you would have to learn how to speak all over you learn words all over again but that is a sensory speech area so I wanted you to know that okay those are two special areas in the brain here okay I wanted you to make sure you knew that okay uh so so that's what so everybody knows about the loes of the brain I think that we've done that enough so make sure you're good with that um don't worry about the association areas because I said in addition to the primary functions of those loes there's other things that it does and I said frontal Lo is important for concentrating planning problem Sol but you don't need to know these we don't usually ask these on the exam um but those association areas which I which we talked about in class um other than that I want to talk a little bit about the basil nuclei I would know that basil nuclear also known as both faal ganglia uh they are masses of grain matter in the brain that contain dopamine as a neurotransmitter okay so dopamine is important for movement okay cocoline was important for producing nerve impulses and moving them along but you need dopam for any kind of movement so the way you walk is imparted by the exis of dopamine when you walk and you swing your arms back and forth that's dopamine doing that okay people have Parkinson's these can't do it because they don't have the dopamine they're short supply well basically they don't have it anymore but I wanted you be aware of the Bas of nuclei okay and they are important terms of producing dopamine and dopamine is important for producing voluntary movement okay uh the other thing is D what's the D so the question could be is what are the two Prim now there's a lot D SE there's a lot are the two primary structures in D seon or very good I'm glad somebody studied today because the other guys didn't know it very good asking looking at me like I was strange I talking French or something all right so I did talk about now all these do make it up but the main one if they ask you the main ones these are red thus and hypoth those are red okay and so we did talk about all these all these all make it up but the on are thus and hypothalmus okay all right so hypo speaking of hypothalmus anybody know remember what it does see all this this all does it does it's actually far smaller than the thus but it does much more okay so it does everything with the way you eat the way you sleep the mood um you know producing hormones okay that's hypothalmus that's what it's very important terms of regulating that all that that's that's part of dipus is part of the one call the DI one all right so that's what know about the dlon brain stem you should know about the brain stem the parts of the brain stem thin top part you know the most severe part of the brain stem is called the mid brain very important for does have vision and hearing reflexes so you're involved in vision and hearing you are using the midbrain H is the middle part of it the Bulge you see on the inside of the brain stem is the pawns it's is important for regulating the way you breathe respiratory the rest if they ever talk about restur Center they're in the medulla but the regulation centers are in the pawn that's a different between that so pawns really regulates how much air goes in um the lungs when you're inhaling air how much air goes out it determines how much is going to move right so if you didn't have the pawns air would move in and when you're in Hing air air would keep coming in until it actually would rupture the lungs okay but it does regulate breathing okay the other thing is mul wangara which is the very the most C part of the brain Stone which is in here most fa part of it it's actually bigger than the rest of them but this is where all the reflex centers are located does have vital centers which control the heart rate where you breathe and also your blood pressure then has nonvital centers like things like the coughing Center vomiting Center okay um and uh so it has these other centers which we call the control visceral activities and those are right there so those are mediated by that okay so these are these have all the centers for visceral activity which basically means it controls all the organs in your body all right that is a brain step um and that's what you should know about those uh reticular formation you should know about reticular formation in the brainstem you do have uh nervous tissues that passes through every single part of it and it's called reticular formation anybody know anything about this remember anything I said about the reticular formation it's also called the r reticular activating system but know anything about it if you touch any part you do anything you you hit any part of brain system you go into a coma because this keeps you awake okay it does give you alertness keeps you awake okay you damage it you damage any part of brain stem you go into a coma this is why brain stem Strokes patients that have brain stem Strokes that're in a coma and it could be there for a while because there I told you there's no way of knowing when your someone's going to recover sometimes they never recover sometimes it could be months it could be years sometimes it's like weeks okay but it's hard to tell when you recover from that but the rec formation gives you alertness gives you keeps you U um keeps you conscious gives you that wakefulness that you need okay and you injure it won't be you'll be into a comike state right as a particular formation sellum okay is underneath theob of the brain it's the second largest part of the brain literally means little brain that's what cbell means the little brain um but what is the second largest part of the brain does have gray matter and white matter question it to you what I ask you right now is actually what is the name of the white matter in the [Music] cerebellum well looking at that Mar V okay what's that mean Mar V means white matter it means Tree of Life is Latin for Tre life did you take Latin in high school like me I did they don't even I I don't even think they teach it they don't teach that anymore do that universities teach it yeah I took Latin for two two or three years yeah so um so so if you know that you you can know water you know meanings of water words but that's or mean Stree of life but that's the why the white matters rains in the cbone but it does have white matter because it's got to send impulses to the inner ear and also a skeletal muscle so it doesn't need that okay so the other thing is what does the cerebellum do does anybody know off then because can you run off of a list of things that it does it's important for maintains posture so you're going to read you're just going to read the slide right coordination balance remember I told coordination balance muscle tone okay um postures you said okay does help you with trajectory movements endpoint movements right when you're reaching for something and stop to get it that's s Bone doing it and so it does communicate with the U with the inner air for balance does communicate with skeletal muscle for movement and it's going be a smooth movement I said before so that's those are involved those are some things that evolve in the cbone very important uh structure in the brain okay and that's the fourth part of the brain okay SP cord a little bit about SP cord anybody know anything about SP cord tissue that extends from the frame of Magnum always down to L2 and L3 and us and children goes down to L4 and L5 so they are not the same length in different ages okay you need have no spal cord go Lumber puncture do a lumber spinal tap because if you don't then you will you will puncture the cord and cause a lot of damage okay so so it does have you look at the cord does extend from the frame that large C AB skull down into L2 and L3 but in the neck area you do have a a thickening that's called cervical largement Dissection the reason why it's thick in here because you're sting ner to the upper extremity okay so you're sing down your arm and forearm and your hand the lower back you have another thickening it's called Lumberg because you're sending nerves into the lower extr that's why you have those thicking there okay that's a view of the SP cord of the very end of it where ends up in a point that remember that's called the conus Magis which I talked about so that's a view of the spell cord um little bit about reflexes okay reflexes me me reflexes really show us that you have an intact spinal cord and we do many of them but the reflex arc is what you need to know right so can anybody name the five parts of reflex arc I said what is the fourth part of it second part of it do you know okay so I told you the slide to study was right here right here so they they number them so you know so one of the things that we did is we did ask that way you know what is the second part third part of reflex are so they are The receptors the first one right you have to stimulate receptor sends impulses to Central Nervous by way of the sensory Norm so that's the second part then once it gets into Central Nervous it makes a connection with the interor which interprets a message and says and then it goes into the motor carries it carries it to the effector by motor nor then finally reaches the effector and a response that is a view of the reflex I would know them in proper order they could ask you to arange you in sequence or they could ask you what the fourth part third part second part of it and this is nice because they do number them for you okay but I would know the reflex work all right okay so we did talk about different reflexes I don't worry about these we we talked about the kneejerk reflex the stretch reflex the only thing about the roof draw reflex as I want to mention that it just protect you against uh prevents tissue damage okay and so um so this is when you're grabbing on something you step something in sharp or you grab onto something that's hot and you pull away from it to prevent tissue damage that's what the withdrawal reflex is all about okay so we did talk about that um so other than that you know we talk about I want to go over this with you I want to make sure in The Spar okay there is that gray matter in here okay it's surrounded by white matter the white matters where you see ascending and descending tracks okay so remember I when I did this I told you remember remember ascending tracks or what kind of tracks are they are they motor or sensory B [Music] sending well they're going up to their brain so they're sensory right coming down they're motor okay so asending tracks are sensory desending tracks are actually motor okay and uh so I would know that about that so I did go over some of these with you like the names of these tracks and though that's they're not important but I want to show you how they're named on by the name you can tell if we're ascending or descending ascending tracks T to be sensory descending track T to be [Music] motor okay um Pro nervous system really want to go with that is actually talk about the nerves and uh the nerve does have connected tissue coverings on it and they are if you look at a nerve the the utmost wrapping is connected tissue covering it's called the epor if you look at when you cut a nerve it's you can see the bundles of nerve fibers in there and each bundle is covered by a perinorm and then each individual muscle fiber muscle or ner nerve nerve or or nerve cell or nerve is covered by an endon or these are connected tissue coverings around the nerve okay uh totally okay so other than that we want to talk a bit about the cranial nerves so cranial nerves do have you should know the name the number uh and the modality which is motor sensory and or mix and then you should know a little bit about what it does with before so today in my earlier class I asked I went through the list of the gr nerves and they really did not know the name which I was surprised and I said that did you know that the test is on Thursday and you should know that you should know the names at least you know should know the name right they didn't they did not know so I had to go through a whole wi I went from 1 to 12 and so we went over that but question to you is this afternoon is do you know the name I say number so you don't know know the names yet yeah yeah and your test is on Thursday you don't know the names yet all right but I know that right so number one is what old yeah old factory nerve what's number two what's number three OT that's right number four number four tro clear yeah number five general number six online YouTube Six I [Music] AB abds what did you say AB abis yeah that's good Abdu okay number seven right and then number eight C ner y number nine the G word you're gonna need more than that for the exam glossop when you word you're you will you sure ding you will how about number 10 Vegas 11 number 12 H Hoss right so okay so of those which ones are are purely sensory two one two and seven eight eight eight that's right how about primarily motor there five of those can you name them ask me about mix I know mix better primary motor five and do them in order oh my God I'm order primary motor Pro do them in order three four six no not nine 11 and 12 11 and 12 that's right and then what are the nextx ones the rest of them right five seven n and 10 right good very good so they we've asked it that way so that's why I keep going over we've asked that way you need to know it okay so other than that you know e ground nerv talked about um old factory of course you know that's purely sensory optic is vision otor is actually for eye movement right so it does inovate four of the muscles around the eye tro nerve does inate one of the muscles around the eye for movement and then the um that trial nerve is a very important nerve because it's a mixed nerve but it does send three branches towards your eye your your cheek and actually your lower jaw and uh it's sensory to the your teeth and so that's why that's the one that's uh Neti in dental procedures but the in terms of motor I want you remember it's important for your chewing muscles it it stimulate it actually supplies your chewing muscles okay that's trial nerve okay and uh so that that's what you need to know about that the abdui nerve that's response for one of the muscles that move your eye and that one is uh which one is that that would be the L rectus remember lr6 so4 I gave you LR LR is L rectus inates that nerve there that muscle there okay raal nerve that's a mixed nerve anybody remember what remember anything about it uh it's important for supplying muscles of facial expression right so all muscles in your face supplies those that's motor but what's what about sensory well produces saliva that's number one another thing is involved in taste okay so produces saliva that's sort of a motor thing but in terms of taste sensory it does produce taste gives you some sense of taste remember there are three nerves that response for T actually that's one of them okay how about the eighth nerve TI cocar nerve this is basically a special sensory nerve and responsible for balance actually in hearing loss of fral it's a mixed nerve it's sensory to the to your throat and um um in your tongue and but it's motor to smooth muscle in the in the throat so you can swall so it's very important in terms of swalling as well giv sensation your throat and your tonsils that's a glosso frenal and so that if you know a little bit of medical terminal or Latin you know glosso means the tongue so that'll help you with that one so certainly giv sensation to your tongue other than the Vegas are very very large parasympathetic nerve U and is a mixed nerve it it's it's motor to your muscles fish and swallowing and it goes to goes there as you can see goes to all the organs in your ab thorax and your abdomen and uh so that's a Vegas NM okay and uh so the other two are primarily motor as3 nerves is uh innovates is primary motor to the muscles of your shoulder you shrug your shoulders you have an intact itli those muscles there and then the hypoglossus nerve supplies the muscles of your tongue and that is it okay so you should know name the number a little bit what it does okay functions and so we know that okay so okay so that's great Earth okay so why you guys why don't you to take a little bit of a break because I because I didn't I didn't give because I had some trouble with it but you can take a five or 10 minute break you come back I'll finish this up and um talk about some nerves in here and then do a little bit with the uh um special and general sensors sh sh [Music] [Music] um for for [Music] makes I we had yeah she awesome the retention right there is 0% that everybody gets out of 85 you just don't remember [Music] [Music] I mean it's helpful but they should be like shorter and then put that in like the studying all the extra like there should be not be five the separate things with 40 Concepts each like that's never heard exactly you had the exactly so now you literally have to go through read and look but like and who has time for that yeah I don't I don't understand the concept of PR class yeah are understand like you see it and now you're going to understand it but not that with the other million things that we got this was me I don't know the build [Music] I didn't my first one the thing they one time no they got it because they take you out things yeah was it your clinical that got squirly the other day she I just got this oh that's the other one just not so I want to know what Kevin Kevin's is he said they Kevin said it got ugly Al no he's here well he was Kevin mute yourselves mute yourselves tell you again he said they refused to I don't know I don't I am an LPN and I assure you I have to so saying sometimes have no help someone needs to help going to the bathroom that's your job I've given showers people you got to do what they need regardless it's not just pass and pills that's what tell us what think you're [Music] imagine my like oh you do that first of all they find my body find my head ditch my body okay let me continue um we'll talk about the crayon ner so make sure you know those and name number you know modality sensory motor sensory mixed a little bit about the function SP nerves you need to know about the U these nerves uh uh the flexi okay which are cable nerves but if you look at spun does give off 31 pairs of nerves these are re it does have give off eight cervical nerves 12 thoracic nerves five lumbar five sacal and then one C idual nerve which is a nerve in your tailbone okay um but I wanted you to make sure that you know the makings of a spone we did this in lab you should know what they are because I I tested you when we had this and so the The Roots do make up the small nerve the fusion of the vent root and dorsal root uh gives off by way gives off a spal nerve so that's the making of a spal nerve is those two Roots all right so make sure you're aware of that um the other thing is I want to talk about the nerve plexus nerve Plex are just a cable of nerves in different areas you have one in your neck called the cervical plexus one in underneath your armpit called the or the a areas called the brachial plexus then in the lower back is a lumbo sacral plexus with these you do need to know where the nerves are coming from go will ask you that they'll say radio nerve where does it come from you know that that's Brach that's a brachial P they say op Theo nerve that's a lumbo sacal so you need to know the neres where they come from cervical plexus just only has one it's a frenic nerve and so um this is where but the bra nerve is important because it supplies the diaphragm which you need for breathing okay but that's the one that supplies that that's the most important nerve out of the cervical plexus uh brachial plexus there there are five here that you you should know okay and they are the muscul cutaneous all your median nerves the radial nerve and the axillary nerve those all come from the brachial plexus three of those nerves star in the shoulder underne arm pin go all way down in your hand they are the radio the owner and the median nerves okay but you would know the brachial plexus right um and the lumo plexus yeah there are three that come out there the opter the femal nerve and the stic nerve those are three nerves that come out there but those are the nerves so you have five uh three eight there's like nine all together okay so these are nine that you need to know what plexes are coming from okay real ask that okay then the AR nervous let's look at this long nervous system bu b as I said before as I talked to you about when I press introduce I said if you're dealing with cardic muscle smooth muscle and glands you need the autonomic nervous system okay this is a two motor neuron system number sematic nervous system voluntary nervous nervous system is one motor neuron this is a TW motor neuron system right so that's one thing to remember about that and but you need it because it does regulate smooth muscle cardi muscle and glands help you with homeostasis and helps you respond to stress talk about that so there's two parts of there's sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic okay so sympathetic nervous system is what you um start with whenever you're stressed when you start you're basically turning on the sympathetic nervous system okay and really adrenaline is actually the neurotransmitter that's seen in there and parasym nervous system is basically what you use to put your body back into the resting state okay so sympathetic division is that fight ORF flight or stressful condition that produce the norpine nephron adrenaline Paras sympatic basically putting your body back to rest again after that um you know you like give example question can you that for yeah yeah I'll get there not there yet we'll get there um so sympathetic division just wanted to show you that the differences between these and I talk about two different fibers in both these systems I talked about preg gang leonics and postgang fibers okay so remember this is the tube moton system right this is why you have these fibers so here's one moton there's the second motoron in here so this is characterized by Short preg Line fibras this this originates in the Thal Lumber division of the saos of the SP right here okay so this is a little bit different here where it begins uh the other one doesn't begin here begin somewhere else but these these tend sure send off very short preg fibers and long postgang fibers uh and the long ones are going through the P I want to make sure that you know what happens to the eye the people of the eye uh the heart the lungs Digestive and urinary system okay so these are it so you should know what this so the preg fibers they secrete acet choline these long ones secrete norpine which you know of the sympathetic nervous system you don't sympathetic nervous everybody thinks about adrenal that's a that this characterize that so that's that's what that is okay so what happens is if you send sympathetic fibers to the pupil what it does it dilates the pupil okay that's what it does okay so these are examples that you should know by so I said that make sure you know what happens to the pupil the eye the the heart the Airways the lung the the the digestive and neur system so simp what they do is they dilate the pupil right they increase the heart rate they open up the Airways okay it's called brco dilation and then they basically inhibit diges of neuros system so you don't do anything moving the food you can't urinate if you have a lot of sympathetics because a lot of sympathetic people that have anxiety disorders have a lot of adrenaline and they do basically trule from constipation and um not able to urinate you know freely uh and um they Airways can actually they're dilated there but that these are the effects of the of the ne transmitters in these respective organs okay that's sympathetic Paras is a little different it's the opposite it has long pre Gango fibers you can see they're very long then you synapse with the gangli in here and then uh you send real short ones so this one doesn't matter what you're looking at here they both secrete acet coine the only one that secretes nor is a postgang sythetic fiber I would know that because we've asked that before so again the four fibers three secret acine only one secretes norrine that's a post gang L sympathetic Barber okay so taking this again what what if you have Paras Paras stimulation to the eye pupil of the eye that causes constriction of the pupil or constriction of the pupil right this be an effect of H sunlight when sunlight does that's really effective sympathetic parasympathetic stimulation okay when it goes to your heart decreases your heart rate slows it down uh when it goes through lungs it actually causes the Airways to close up so that's called Bronco constriction but it goes in diges Ur system it activates it turns those on so you're able to move the food long quite a bit as you you usually do also you're able to urinate but those are what I would think of those in terms of effect I would look at those a pupil a heart Airways digestive urinary system okay so they got ask you a question that not many but they can ask you a question okay um the the receptor in the parastic nervous system is called coic receptors because neurotransmitter that that produces is called cocoline and the generic receptors are name The receptors in the sympathetic nervous system which are alpha beta receptors okay but those are names of The receptors in those respective parts of the nervous system uh and that's it that's all I want to cover with that one that's it with that and so the next thing is u go into chapter 12 oh no here oh no get out this see how we did [Music] it no no it's not working oh my God no just click on the slides on PowerPoint yes right there 12 there you go here it is okay me share it so you can see it you online should be able to see it it's chapter 12 we can see it okay great thank [Music] you okay so a couple things you should know here is actually a recept you should know this slide on receptors you should know different types of receptors G receptors are basically receptors sensitive to changes in chemical concentration like oxygen carbon dioxide pain receptors response to tissue damage and uh so whether it be mechanical electrical thermal energy so we could do that the other thing is thermal receptors they responsive to changes in temperature Canal receptors are basically responding to uh forces that distort receptors like touch tension pressure stretch sound is also in there so if you listen to music remember I said that you use a mechan receptors and the photo receptors are what you use terms of vision and those are rods and cones in terms of vision so those receptor tops I would know that slide um other than that um I do I I would know this adaptation adaptation ability to ignore ignore a uh an unimportant stimulus okay so something that's unimportant to you ignore it that's what adaptation is so smell taste have quick adaptation I said before if you go into a room and smells real bad and you smell right away if you're in there for a while with you don't even though it's the smell still in there you don't notice the smell same with taste when you're tasting something and The Taste even though you're still uh you know um eating it you you don't you don't notice the taste anymore so that's called quick adaptation fast adaptation the one that goes slow is propriate reception propriate reception is position sense so if you were to uh move your legs in certain position you know what the position they're in and but this actually adapts real slow okay with it okay in pain receptors they don't D at all once you're in pain you you continue to be in pain for a long long time but those are a little bit in terms of adaptation different types of senses and but I would know that I would know that that part there exter receptor senses these are basically on the body surface these are like in your skin so we did talk about the skin we said we have touch receptors pressure receptors temperature receptors and pain receptors those are EXT receptors intro receptor basically means inside your organs and these are called visc receptors as well but there are C their receptors inside your organs okay like in your blood vessels where blood pressure theoi receptive senses are ones that are found in muscles and tenses and Joints they have to do with changing body position okay but those are different types of General sensors okay uh this slide here what I would know is actually the two the last two the bottom two uh tactile or maos corle those are light touch receptors okay so those are light touch receptors I would know that and then uh laminate or P or I should say pinic corles there for pressure heavy pressure and vibration so those are very important ones but I would know those medical terms since you know in lab said you didn't need to know that but in your ex in your lecture exam you might see those terms so I would know what they are so Myer score pule light touch receptors thein cor pusles pressure receptors okay temperature receptors you do have different kind what way you can detect whether something is warm or cold is you have receptor for each you're activate certain temperatures the warm receptors activated anywhere from um above 77 degrees fah okay cold receptors 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit so they're activating certain temp temperatures and that's how you're distinguish between warm and cold and then you do have temperature receptors that activated certain temperatur as well and those no temp okay um referred pain just so you know nerve for for pain so if someone took chest pain you really uh you have no way of knowing where the pain is coming from because the organs in the in the chest all share ner ner calm nerve pathway and so you know very hard to evaluate that specifically it's not localized doal pain is the same thing so you have doal pain you have no clue where it's come from because they all share the organs there all share common pathway that is called referred pain okay um so um propriate cell I want to talk about these propriate cell position sense these are things that are involved in pressure sense you have receptors for position sense they're actually in your joints okay uh and call Pini corpuses they're also in your muscles they called muscle spindles and also in your tendons called goldi tendon organs so these are receptors sensitive to position changes okay problem with these is they they operate less acutely as you get older this is why a lot of people will fall when they get older because they do not realize what position their body is in okay then we remember they don't really like what position their leg is in so they follow with that they become less acute so this has a ag great greatly aging effect um next thing is special Senses smell taste hearing equilibrium sight so let's look at um sens of smell okay operated by way of the first cranial nerve o Factory nerve election is a sense of smell and the lining of it is certainly is a bipolar neuron so so receptor is everywhere in the nose in the nasal septum on the sides of the nose everywhere along the on the nose is where you have olda receptors and um so they are um very important so they're actually so right here so everywhere they're located but faction is a sense of smell operated by that nerve that's one of the nerve that we do not test for usually unless someone comes in with a problem with and smell and so once you simulate The receptors it goes to your old factory bulb which you can see at the bottom basic of the brain then it goes to the tracks and then finally to the old factory cortex for potation so that's the other thing that tempal lobe is also known as the old factory cortex remember I told you the UR cortex but it's also referred to Old Factor because sense smell comes from the temporal Lo purely that's it doesn't go anywhere else it just comes from there so you Dam temporal L you will have a you will not be able to smell you won't you have a hard time with that difficult time absolutely no smell at all okay but that's where it's going to it basically goes to the old factory cortex which is the temp okay taste is called gustation okay and I told you before we did this with the loes of the brain you can't totally abolish taste you're going to have some of it you lose you can lose most of it but you have some because it's imported by two loes of the brain and three cranial n okay that's it and uh so so you do have taste buds that help you taste they're located in the pil which your projections on your tongue and uh but they operate by one one thing I want you to remember that smell does operate by way of Cho receptors you need chemo receptor for this to work okay so it detects changes in the chemicals but they both use chemo receptors terms of their function right taste those taste okay so we did talk about I would know five five primary taste taste sensation this is one you learned in 117 and so sweet sour salty bitter and yamy are ones that we have those are primary taste sensation those taste other than those are combination of two or more so the sour the sweet ones are actually those receptors located on tip of your tongue okay okay uh sour salty that's picked up on the sides of your tongue and R of your tongue is where you pick up the bitter and you moming okay well those are five five Prim taste inss now the other thing is with this right here I talked about before these are it so these are cran respons for Taste and so it's very hard to do to ballit because it's covered by all those and so the facial nerve glop fenial nerve Vegas nerve all important for tast sensation and gustatory cortex just so you know gustatory cortex they talked about this before it's in the the insula remember that lobe is underneath those other Lo we talked about remember that best underneath the temporal and the pr lobe this is where the gustatory cortex this is the one that allows you to taste okay the G towards the cortex okay okay so the year how about the ear how about anybody know about the ear so let's look at this external middle and internal who can tell me the the part the park that makes up the external ear P the Oracle yep that's what's that two more exoric or may one another [Music] oneic M yeah don't say [Music] drum because you're getting educated here you got to use the right words you're not out there not in you're in the medical field can't use that right all right so U so that's next how about the middleware middleware has quite a few things to it so it has the cavity itself which is in temporal bone has bones which you call auditory ticles and I would know the bones names of the bones and also in proper order okay so yeah me m in and stap Mis just remember you know the words proper water is Mis yeah that's it then other thing is you do have an overal window overal window is actually where the stapes connects to okay so is basically stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in the inner air so that's part of the that's what the over window is for so we here is is can't see it they don't have it but it's right here here's a stapes and it's really covering where the over window would be uh so that is the over Windows part of it the other part of this is actually the um uh muscles you have two muscles in the middle a and they are the stapedius and the um the tensor tempies okay so these are important for dampening loud sounds very important in terms of doing protecting your ear from loud sounds and very important so we did we talked about this in lab U but the stus is the other one so the smallest bone in the body is the stap the smallest muscle is the stapedius so both are the smallest bone and muscle uh your our T tube is another that makes up the middleware middleware cavity middleware connects the middleware to the throat and it's one that um allows you to maintain pressure equal pressure between the ear the U um the middleware cavity and actually the atmosphere okay and this is a normal collapse tube okay but it is basically there to equalize pressure between the two so it does open to equalize the pressure then it closes back up so it's a partially collapse but then some people I told you some people it never opens and so that's not this is why and this happens in children quite a bit why you put tubes in your air uh so because there's there is drainage in the middle a has got to be able to drain somewhere but if it can't go that way then we put a tubes in there so it can drain down through the external auditory canal but that's the you station to or or the auditory to now here's a little bit let's look at a nice view of this let me get a bigger view of it see if I can get bigger view with it may not [Music] NOP show you all this okay so these are parts of the uh inner a so ear ear inner a actually has three parts to it has CIA which is a snow shaped structure does have uh one in the middle widen area here it's called the vestibule right in here and then has a semicircular canals okay so this part here the C has a spiral organ which is an organ for hearing in here any damage to C will damage you not be able to hear here this part here which is the best of help happens with it's important for static equilibrium which allows you to that gives you um you don't feel dizzy when you're not moving okay because it detects the position the movement of the head when you're not moving okay so it does give you that St ium you don't have any vertigo when you're not moving uh the other one that that helps you when you're moving is the semicircular so they are important for dynamically BL which detects the motion of the head and the rest of the body when you're moving okay and so we have special receptors in those areas that actually do that okay so there Su Circ canals a little bit about I want to mention again these are windows covered windows again so uh these are in the inner are the El window and the round window so the El Windows where the stes is attached to and the other one is a round window a round window is basically a window that dissipates any extra vibrations you have in the um in the in panic C okay in the inner ear so if you have any vibrations in any extra ones they have the dissipate and they go into the middleware cavity dtic cavity okay the ca does have different parts to it it has three different compartments has an upper compartment called scale bbul lower compartment called the the scale tipany and then one in the middle is called the coar dot okay those are compartments of the okay um now the other thing is with the c you do have um those compartments are separated by membranes okay so this membrane separates of SC stily from a c duct which is the upper compartment separated by middle compartment the Bas of membrane separates the C duct from the lower compartment and torial membrane which I one which is a very important part of the ear is gelatinous mass over the hair cells okay so you send vibrations into your uh into your um s vibrations in the area that fluid causes waves what happens the waves being produced caus this to vibrate when this vibrates there you don't see here but there's Stones over these hair cells okay they're called AIS Stones right above it and when this vibrates cause the stones to move back and forth across the hair cells this caus the hair cells to bend and when they Bend they produce electrical impulse which is basically um transmitted to the ace cral airport here but you have stones in there now the stones basically if I go back here they should um I talked about it before Stone should all be located here right here okay so when they move like that sometimes they basically end up going in sem Circ canals right in here they do that you get vertigo okay vertigo and so you have to put the stones back in how you do is basically go to physical therapist and he will attempt to put them back in by doing certain Maneuvers uh but the stone should be always be the best ofal [Music] canals there's anything else here yeah right here St di I did want to mention the St equilibrium is senses position ahead when the body's not moving and the um there's a special receptor that does that and then D senses the rotation and movement of the head and body both rotation movement of body of the head and body so this is where you know St bling is where you have a sense of balance whenever you're not moving when you are moving you have a sense of balance when you're moving so that's called Dynamic but they're U they get that way because you have to do special receptors for them so the utricle and sacul are basically special receptors you have an invest that's important for static equilibri so those are what you use whenever you have you are not you do not have vertigal or dizziness when you're not moving and then there's another receptor that's in sem circal that gives you a sense of balance whenever you are moving is called the chis okay so let me show you that right here chis ulis special sense organ for H dynamic equilibrium okay dynamic equilibrium okay a little bit about the eyes okay let's go so that's just the last thing we do before so the eyes are do have a lot of protection to them okay the have eyelids the eyelids the eyelashes okay so looking at this eye this is actually is a normal eye um and um because you don't see the whes scare up above here okay see here but no here um but the ey does have um accessory or one of is called Laz which is made up of the laal gland which is a tear gland uh in drain it to ducks called can and then that drains into laal second and finally goes into andal GL which is in your nose so when you cry you get dra nose because this is where draining through your nose Okay um but U so this is we did talk about the muscles around your eye you have six muscles around your eye and he talked about the nerve Supply two then remember you have two on top two on the bottom one on each side most of the muscles are supplied by the third CR n only two are supplied by the fourth and the sixth and they have Superior Bleak and L rectus okay but this those are ey muscles okay uh you should know the coats of the ey so there are three different coats uh you have a otterup or fi fibers tunic this is the one that does most protecting for the eyeball you have one in the middle called the vascular tunic and this basically has a lot of blood to it and also says pigment to it and the innermost layer is called the U nervous t okay nervous tune which essentially is a retina okay okay so the um fire fi stre is made up of the cornea and the Scara okay and cornea is really what it is it's the Scara that's really thinned down to nothing okay so that whites the eyes it gets close to the iris of the eye it thins down to nothing comes transparent so it's really extensions of the cornea which you need for sharpens of objects uh so the corne is actually in the anterior of the eye transparent okay because the scar is really essentially a scar which is the weights of your eye it goes near the iris thins it on becomes very transparent but it does well protecting for the eye Scara is the Whit of your eye made up of strong fibers connective tissue okay and pierced by optic n and blood vessels okay but that's scare so those are parts of the fibrous tunic but actually tun has three parts to it has a corid coat has body and has an iris [Music] okay okay so cor really is layer in the U metal tunic the vascular tunic where he does have blood supply to it uh and it also melanocytes because pigment producing melon is very important because it prevents dispersion of light rays okay uh the CATE body basically something that pulls on the lens that change the shape of the lens okay so C is a muscle when it pulls on lens and makes it bulgy this is used in actually close Vision when you relax the muscle and the the lens looks flat this is what far vision is is seen okay those have to do with com visual visual accomidation so here this is a view you can see the lens real good okay here's the lens this is the vi Schumer right in here gelatinous material that sort of keeps the U eyeball gives it to shape also keeps the retin on the wall on the on the innermost layer right but that is a VRI that's called so we have an aquous humor which is the anterior chamber of the eye posterior chamber has a has the bous hum maintains a [Music] shap okay so the flu in front of the eye and the answer CH is called the aquous humor and uh as as much as you make that's much you drain off again and so it does drain um in the um ducks in the corner of your eye and that's the but it's a clear type of fluid V some on the other hand it's actually a gel like jelly like material so they're different acous humor is basically watery like the vitous humor is actually jelly like and so the vitous humor is actually posterior the Chamber of the eye C body basically is attached to the lens and what it does it change the shape of lens for accommodation of vision if you are looking something close up I told you that soy Bo pulls on the lens makes it bulgy when you know something far away you relax it you relax the SE body of the muscle and this assumes a flat lens which is good for FL vision okay so you should know what an IRS is by now IR does control size of the pupil pupil is the window of the opening of the center of the iris okay little bit about regular size of people you could do that by way the iris the iris does have I showed you before you look at the brown all this brown is a is the iris these circles going around the people here these are circles smooth muscle fibers these one that look like spokes on well these are radio fibers so they do different things so when this contracts it causes the pupil to constrict this happens ex bright light okay when these contract right here these radial smooth muscle when they contract they cause dilation of pupil okay and those are important for regula size of the pupil okay so the re the innermost layer is called the retina and this is where you have photo receptor cells so photo receptor cell are rods and cones and so right it does have a few layers to it one's called the macula which is a the other spot on the retina and this is where you have the sharpest of vision sharpest vision soia centralis is basically in the center of the macula okay and it produces the sharpest Vision okay optic disc is important to remember to recognize that it doesn't have any photo receptor s at all I want a blind SW of your eye doesn't have any at all and vitous humor holds the corid against the uh right now okay so so those are the those are the coats of the eyeball of the eye okay this is a view of the eye looking atation so this is an image this is a real photograph here but this is an image of it so when you look in someone's eyes is the vessels should be straight they should be linear they shouldn't be torches or curvy they are sign of UNC controled hypertension the other thing is you should see any deposits in your eye when you're looking in here they should see any deposits that could be sign of uncontrolled diabet okay these is not good we never want to see any eye disease when you're a diabetic never okay and so this is called a fundoscopic examination where they just looking at the fundus which is right here all so you get blood vessels and um and also any kind of deposits there or or not normal okay poster cavi does does produce does have a VRI which is a gel material that keeps the lens on the back wall if you add it you remove it the L the r will actually come apart be detached okay the Neons okay so looking at the the thickness of the retina okay there is quite a few cells that involved in it so one of the cells is called the rods and con most St part of the of retina in the middle is a few cells here horizontal cell bipolar cell and hamrin cell and gangling cell okay then finally you get into the retin itself itself where the the impulses are sent to the Sor nervous system by way of the okay so um other than that we will have yeah what you mention with Rod Go photo receptor cells in the re called rods and cones you do have more cones than rods and they're centrally located on the retina rods are perfectly located this is why the rods are important for peripheral vision uh and raw cones are important for daytime vision and also color vision okay and raws are called that not because they look like ra but they're because because the pigment theism is called ropson okay and so wopson is is what we call pigment that that makes up the rods okay so this is just showing you rods and cones what they look like magnified many many times so these are rods in here blue these are actually cones in here rods and con so rods there's only one type of Rod but they're many different types of cones so cones are there for different colors like red green and blue and so call to be one for one color but not very common to be for two or more okay um okay that's it anything else want to say um so continue to study we're this group here will meet here on Thursday at 3 o'clock how the test has broke down like percentage wise of questions chter not early um no off hand that I don't equal number of questions on each section we don't have more question on one area always it's always that truth because I think students uh think that because they don't want any questions on them at all they don't want any at all so see a couple they think there are too many questions there they don't want them at all so we we make sure there's equal distribution question throughout all that all so it's 10 11 and 12 contines study when I see you in lab tomorrow if you have any questions bring them in there and I can ask them for you there like the exam's going to be on Thursday it'll be our second one so you know uh so grades are piling up and more some more cementing your grade okay so the second one is be you don't want to do you don't want to have a low score on that one because that could really bring your grade down it's worth 18% so you don't want to do that so study hard go to tour go to T ring study together use all your resources there's exam reviews in Connect you can 1 for 10 11 12 but they're long I would do that I would just skim through there you know just to get an idea with the question see how you do um so you can many resources to do but just continue to study and you took note of what I talked about today in terms of what to focus on each chapter all right I said you guys have a nice day I'll see you tomorrow live we're g do blood vessels tomorrow