all right so biology let's start going over quickly this is the first part the first uh lecture so I need to catch up a couple one more lecture from last week so what is bio bio is basically it's stated here on this slide it's the science of life science of life so basically biology deals with what what do you think with so basically biology deals with everything that is life what what could be a life thing Sadie do you know what's a live thing give me an example of One Life thing um plants plants anything else uh people people yeah the easiest ones all the people are so that's all what biology basically studied now there's other uh sciences that deal with other things like anthropology or archeology which we don't deal with that so um basically biology studies the structures the function and the relationship between living organisms now living organisms are pretty much diverse how do we know that these organisms are diverse when you look at them they look different right they look a human a rabbit a plant a dog they don't look the same so they are very diverse now they are even though they are diverse they share certain characteristics what are those characteristics they have a nose they have nostrils they have eyes they have some of them have ears right like prominent ears like humans do so they do share some common characteristics they have liver they have internal organs like us uh the the mammals the large organ is now when you go to smaller organisms they don't have but that means what basically they are further apart in the evolution order okay now organisms or all organisms on Earth is believed that actually evolved from uh the common ancestor now which one have any idea any of you two three that are here that which one is the common ancestor have any idea it's called sayano bacteria that is the bacteria cyanobacteria that is the common ancestor belief now this cyanobacter is very interesting because it can photosynthesize at the same time even though it's a bacteria now when we look at the overall the planet itself we look at the levels of organization now how are they basically organized now we start from we can start from small to large or from large to small but here the way I have them I start from large level towards smaller level and the next few slide is going to get even smaller the large level the largest level is called biosphere biosphere that's basically the whole earth comprised of land and water then as you go in the biosphere we break it down into actual ecosystem actually this is how we have them and ecosystem is the next one now what is an ecosystem if this is the whole earth ecosystem would be these large parts that you see right here an example would be tropical Forest could be desert any other one can you guys give me another one another ecosystem do you think of aquatic ecosystem aquatic Means War what other ecosystem any any other ecosystem do you guys think of atmosphere is not because atmosphere is not linked it's not a living thing so we talk about living living things here okay [Music] there's other forests out there they're called uh tiger like the Christmas tree the Pine Forest a really large swath that you see in Canada but all these ones are basically parts of the Eco system then the next level of organization it's community in a community basically in a community you break down this ecosystem right here now in this this tropical forest you have different organisms living there now all these organisms they are they form populations so here you might find one small population here another population of a different organ is here another one here another one and so forth and so on basically this is populations which will live in the ecosystem so basically a community is made up of many populations that interact with each other so Community it's many populations to give you an example now a month you have when you look at Monster or walnut area what populations do you guys think we have around there coyotes have you seen coyotes around Walnut most likely you did mountain lions right you've seen rats around there right you've seen uh what else uh Birds a lot of birds around there so all these ones are part of populations that are found in the community then you have population so what is the population now it's basically the same species that you have it's the same species that you have so what is same species all coyotes are part of the same species right rats are part of the same species a part of the same population so basically now when if you look backwards a bunch of populations populate this Eco system now when you have many population populating an ecosystem this part right here the main part it is basically the community does it make sense all right here you can see population bunch of dudes in water or a bunch of humans in water here you have a community you see how they are interconnected who is usually at the bottom of the community and if you have any idea usually the small organ is very very tiny since this is water or oceans phytoplankton it's usually and zooplankton is at the bottom so the larger one feed off the the smaller ones is that clear okay here you have the ecosystem now when you look at the ecosystem here you see what many communities taking part you have the land here you have the the water right here and the bottom you have the non-living part this is the non-living part so an ecosystem you have the Living Part interacted with the non -living part okay that's what we have in the Eco system now let's go a little bit the other way right at the bottom of the biological organization at the bottom of it it's the cell cell is the basic unit that makes up light the basic unit every organ is anything that's considered living organism it's made up of cells now when you get similar cells similar means what same or or mostly likely the same they're not going to look exactly the same that's why it's called similar but similar cells form tissues an example would be pulmonary tissue can you guys give me another example cardiac tissue cardiac cardiac cardiac is found in the in the Heart Right hepatic tissue a product tissue it's found in the liver now when you get all these tissues performing a specific function together they form the actual organs one organ is lungs then you can have liver then you can have kidneys foreign all these ones are made up of many tissues is that clear now all these organs when you put them together what do they form the organ system and eventually they form the complex organisms is that clear so when these ones work together they make up the organ system and all the organ system together make up the organism is that clear now if you notice right here I put at the bottom complex organization together form the higher level start following by population after organisms it's followed by population then Community then ecosystem and at the end you have the biodiversity which we started biosphere not biodiversity sorry biosphere it started right there at the at the top is that clear so this is by a biosphere here foreign but I guess I have only one now so this is a cell that's what it looks like now when you look inside the cell there is a bunch of these little structures you're going to find them there but all these swans are the one all these structures here make this cell living organism or functional now when you look here what type of cell this one is do you guys think an animal cell or a planter plant cell how do you know that because it has chloroplasts there you go it has this thing right there it has the chloroplast which has which is green basically that's how we know if you wouldn't see that green right there you wouldn't call it a plant cell would be an animal cell most likely okay here you see the tissue so remember I told you they are similar see right here similar cells why are they you see they don't look exactly the same but they look the same but they're not exactly the same see this is a little smaller kind of a little different shape a little bit because if they are pushed there but they are the the same and they have the same function at the end the same function all these cells here have the same function the epithelial tissue nervous tissue have exactly the same all nervous tissue they are not exactly the same they are just similar and they have the same um function muscle tissue connective tissue okay now here you can see the organs they make up the these are for humans for uh so here you can see the organs that make up the humans brain stomach and all the other ones organ systems they work together you can see actually how a human being looks inside inside now if you notice here liver it's kind of like look at this picture here and try to learn a little bit about yourself about digestive system what it shows you right here basically are parts of the digestive system now we're going to use these ones in lab too so please go over and try to kind of like uh uh understand it starting from right here where the head would be because this here it would be the I really suck at drawing so it's okay here is the the neck and then right here you got the the arms of this guy so start from the mouth going down to esophagus followed by the stomach then you have the small intestine large intestine um then you're gonna have the rectum and then you're gonna have the anus and right here you have the accessory organs liver it's considered accessory organs and also right here which is not really labeled here but this part right here this is the pancreas okay now our organ is classified as we mentioned the first slide right here they are very diverse these organisms are very diverse so basically they don't look exactly the same now since they share common characteristics or certain characteristics probably they evolved from each other now we have to classify that because if you don't classify them it's a Mumbai Jamba it's a jambalaya it's a mix right so if we classify them we're gonna the process of classifying the organism it's called taxonom or the discipline it's called taxonomy now taxonomy has one two three four five six seven eight eight levels it starts for the most inclusive or the one with many let's call them many organisms almost everything as you get towards the bottom you have the least inclusive which is just basically once you get to the bottom there is only one type of organism or one population or one organism right here only now when you get to species which is right at the bottom there's only one type of organism genus there could be many more than two three four five an example Connie's there is Kanis is the genus now you have Connie's latrons Connie's lupus and Connie's domesticus and if you have any idea what this is counties is the dog Kanis or dog leytrance is coyote lupus is Wolf domestic is the pet that you have at home the one that you just keep hearing barking in the background that's the domesticus so Connie slaytrans lupus domesticus now this part right here would actually be the species so when you look right here there's only one species when you classify the domestic dog connies canis would be the genus and domesticus would be the actual species okay in the case here that you see you see Homo sapiens homo is the genus there is homo hominidi whatever it's there is different genuses there in The evolutionary trade scale battery but here sapiens would be the humans that's the only species sapiens that's only humans okay now as you go up you keep including more and more organisms for each of these classification they have right here now when you get to kingdoms there is four main kingdoms oops right here four kingdoms protista fungi Plante and Animalia animal Animalia it's animals all the animals that you know plantae it's plant fungi funguses and protista is these little bugs like kind of like one of them that you see right here these little bugs they're surviving they are found in what this microorganisms okay put towards the top right at the top you have the domain now for domains there are actually three domains there is Archaea and bacteria which both of them are bacteria so Archaea and bacteria both of them are bacteria what is the difference between them this archaea it's very old and lives in extreme conditions because that's where they start developing very extreme condition now where do you get extreme conditions have any idea where you guys can get extreme conditions extreme conditions you get usually at the bottom of the oceans next to volcanoes where there is like environment that you cannot breathe because it's very toxic where there is high salinity that's where it's very extreme environment because not too many organists can adapt and survive to them okay so these ones are microorganisms that actually are called archaea so basically what you have to remember they live in extreme condition bacteria as you guys know they are single cell and they like I'm talking about it I'm talking from here about bacteria lack of membrane-bound nucleus and they are called prokaryotes prokaryotes this is the regular bacteria that you find for example this one Helio bacteria this is uh that's found I think in the stomach this one H pylori and this one I don't know which one it is but uh probably I don't know where the heck this one is so I'm gonna probably it's the one found in your throat or on your skin these are called bacteria okay now the last of the domain it's called Eukarya so these two right here used to be only two domains eukaryotes and prokaryotes but then prokaryotes were broken down into archaea and bacteria okay then the third domain is called Eukarya it's basically could be either unicellular other multicellular they have a nucleus that's the main feature or eukaryotes eukaryotes have nucleus prokaryotes of bacteria luck no no clues no nuclei force or membrane that's what I mean by that okay so there's no nucleus now the last part which is the scientific method we've done it in the lab what is scientific method that's basically a method that we use in science to explain an observation or an experiment to see if it works or it doesn't work now for scientific method There is five steps observation was the first one hypothesis the second one experimental setup or part is the third one then you have a data and Analysis the fourth one and the last one is conclusion and here two two four five it right there here we have an example of an ex of um uh the use of scientific method now I hope you guys have done already that uh lab homework that Virtual Lab and that was also an example of scientific method used to explain an experiment now four the experiment right here basically what it shows you it's how fertilizers impact the life in the water in the Gulf of Mexico now here you guys can see if you read it says hypoxic Zone what's a hypoxic Zone a hypoxic Zone it's basically hypo means low toxic which is the last word the part right there means comes from oxygen so this means hypoxic Zone low in oxygen so then if there is low oxygen there is a lot of death right there a lot of death because most organists survive on oxygen water has oxygen not as much as in the air but there is oxygen there is about one percent oxygen in waters now the healthy Waters now what happens here basically it shows you what it happens with the excessive use of fertilizers mainly nitrogen nitrogen is used to grow crops nitrogen is used to go grow crops right there so nitrogen actually can end up in the in the waters now right here if you look you can see there is a river in the middle of America you see this little thingy right here that goes this line that's the Mississippi River Upper Mississippi so all these Waters from here or these little mini Rivers end up actually in Mississippi the what the the biggest river in the United States now along this Mississippi River there is a lot of farming a lot of farming that's where we get our um veggies from now when farmers use nitrogen fertilizers the problem is why a lot of it will not end up in the soil or if they use extra fertilizers a lot of it will end up in the river when there is rain would Leach the world is called leaching in the in the river now what's gonna happen once you use excessive nitrogen leads to water pollution where's the water pollution it's actually right here in the Gulf of Mexico where it creates that hypoxic zone and it's going to kill a lot of organisms now scientists came up with a hypothesis on how or they observe that actually if they grow other or they replace the the the growth or they rotate uh crops they can actually enrich naturally the soil so they notice that if they use pea plants which produce nitrogen on their own basically on the roots they have this low uh structure which are called nodules these nodules actually contain some bacteria a type of bacteria they can grab nitrogen from the air and turn it into into nitrogel nitrogen usable in the soil for the plants so if you grow pea plants before winter and then you turn it into the soil it produces a natural fertilizer nitrogen would be the natural fertilizer for the next crop which is winter wheat okay now then what did I do they set up a control group and an experimental group this is part of the experiment experiment right here okay so here they set up the control and the experimental group now the control group is basically the one that nothing happens so they went in an area they got a plot of land and then they broke it out into four plots same size and it has to be in the same area because you have to have exactly the same condition and we apply the same amount of water and everything else the only difference between these plots these are the plots one two three four the only difference between these plots here it's the actual amount of nitrogen they use so this is the control control this is plot one plot two plot three now for the control they've done nothing they just left the soil the way it is then for number one plot which is this one here the one two three that's the one that they add fertilizer at this concentration 45 for the next one they added at 90 kilogram which is double the amount and then for the last one they put the pea plants or they planted the pea plants now they keep doing this process over time it took about three years for this process so in the before winter they would plant pea plants okay then they will turn the I mean the soil then they plant wheat after that and then what they did here I'm showing you what that zone means guys and if you want to read go ahead and read it because it's really interesting what it happens how basically you deprive the the Waters of oxygen and you actually create the dead zones right there that's what it's called a dead zone now what they did basically they constructed a graph for the overtime amount of crop that they collect now if you look right there gray is no nitrogen number one number two number three number three is the one with the p plant now when you look right here no nitrogen added what happened by year three it's very tiny mostly the whole soil was depleted and there is nothing there when you look at nitrogen fertilizer 45 and 90 right there 45 and 90. what happens over time these ones also go down look how very little it is there now why do they go down because eventually this uh nitrogen fertilizer becomes toxic to the soil and then usually plants don't really like it they don't grow anymore also if you look at pea plants what happened right here first here crop was lower than the other ones very little but then what happened the next years look at the crop how high it went so basically which one would come out to work better without producing toxic waste and and pollution in the water pea plants because that's a natural source of of actual uh enriching the soil and also the productivity is way much off the off the top right here if you look it went from really low here to really high which is way higher even than these parts right here for the previous crops the previous years so what they did they collected the data they weighed the wheat plants in the spring and then came up with the hypothesis they they not I'm sorry they came up with a conclusion which agrees with the hypothesis that over time right here pea plants will actually naturally enrich the soil after the first year the hypothesis was not actually correct because if you look here all the other ones have have more crops or better crop amount of crops all right that's the first lecture any question regarding the first one since there is four or five of you here any questions foreign okay good I like that I guess I did a good job if there's no questions hopefully and hopefully you guys are now trying just ask all right so now let's do the second one let me open up the nature of Mer so now we start the actual chemistry of it the chemistry of it now here we talk about the chemistry okay let me let me stop this recording and then I can start the next one