Anatomy Lecture: Bones of the Extremities

Introduction

• Focus on bones of the arms and legs.
• Use of articulated skeletons for tests.
• Pelvis will be discussed in the next session.

Upper Extremity: Shoulder Blade (Scapula)

• Location: Back, attached to the rib cage.
• Movement: Shoulder blade allows arm movement; involves two joints.
• Parts of the Scapula:
  • Borders:
    • Lateral (Axillary) border
    • Medial (Vertebral) border
    • Inferior angle
    • Superior border (less emphasized)
  • Spine of Scapula: Ridge on the back, leading to the acromion.
  • Acromion: Tip of the shoulder blade.
  • Fossae:
    • Supraspinous fossa
    • Infraspinous fossa
    • Subscapular fossa (below scapula)
  • Glenoid Cavity:
    • Shallow joint for the arm bone, with labrum.
  • Coracoid Process: Hook-like structure in front.

Upper Extremity: Arm Bones

• Collarbone (Clavicle):
  • Connects to the scapula at the acromion.
  • Commonly broken bone in children.
• Humerus:
  • Parts:
    • Head (round)
    • Neck (anatomical and surgical)
    • Tubercules (muscle attachment points)
      • Greater Tubercle
      • Lesser Tubercle
    • Intertubercular Groove
    • Deltoid Tuberosity
    • Epicondyles (Medial and Lateral)
    • Trochlea and Capitulum (distal end)
    • Olecranon Fossa (back)

Lower Arm Bones

• Ulna:
  • Olecranon process (elbow)
  • Styloid process (bottom)
• Radius:
  • Head (round)
  • Neck
  • Radial tuberosity
  • Styloid process (bottom)

Carpals (Wrist Bones)

• Two rows: Proximal and Distal
• Carpal Tunnel and related issues.

Lower Extremity: Pelvis

• Pelvic Bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis.
• Acetabulum: Hip socket, deep with labrum.
• Ilium:
  • Iliac Crest
  • Anterior/Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Greater Sciatic Notch
  • Iliac Fossa
  • Auricular Surface (for sacroiliac joint)
• Ischium:
  • Ischial Tuberosity (sit bone)
  • Ischial Spine
  • Ischial Ramus
• Pubis:
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Inferior and Superior Pubic Ramus
• Differences between male and female pelvis (wider in females).

Lower Extremity: Leg Bones

• Femur (Thigh Bone):
  • Head and Neck
  • Greater and Lesser Trochanters
  • Linea Aspera
  • Condyles (Medial and Lateral)
  • Patellar Surface (for kneecap)
• Kneecap (Patella):
  • Sesamoid bone, aids in smooth muscle motion.

Lower Leg Bones

• Tibia (Shin Bone):
  • Tibial Tuberosity
  • Condyles (Medial and Lateral)
  • Medial Malleolus (ankle bone)
• Fibula:
  • Head of Fibula
  • Lateral Malleolus (ankle bone)

Ankle and Foot

• Tarsals:
  • Calcaneus (heel bone)
  • Talus
• Metatarsals and Phalanges:
  • Metatarsals (numbered 1-5 from big toe to pinky)
  • Phalanges (3 per toe except big toe has 2)
• Arches of the Foot:
  • Longitudinal and transverse, issues like flat feet and plantar fasciitis.

Final Remarks

• Importance of anatomical terms and structures for understanding movement and diagnosing issues.
• Use of study aids and cheat sheets for test preparation.