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Describe the function of peroxisomes in a cell.
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Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that detoxify harmful substances by removing hydrogen from molecules.
What role does the nucleus play in protein synthesis?
The nucleus contains DNA, which directs the synthesis of structural and functional proteins.
What processes occur in the mitochondria that are essential for cellular energy production?
The mitochondria are the site of ATP production through cellular respiration, including the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
What physiological functions rely heavily on ATP?
ATP is essential for muscle contraction, active transport, and various other cellular processes including brain activity and heartbeats.
What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water and allowing the process to produce ATP.
How do other nutrients such as fats and proteins participate in ATP production?
Fats and proteins can be broken down into intermediates that enter the citric acid cycle, contributing to ATP production alongside glucose.
How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration? Break it down by process.
Total 32 ATP: Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, the Citric Acid Cycle produces 2 ATP, and Oxidative Phosphorylation produces 28 ATP.
Describe the primary function of the plasma membrane.
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls the movement of molecules between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and the extracellular fluid (ECF).
How does the chemiosmotic mechanism contribute to ATP production?
The chemiosmotic mechanism involves the pumping of protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane, and the flow of protons through ATP synthase, generating ATP.
What is the significance of mitochondrial DNA within cellular physiology?
Mitochondrial DNA encodes essential components needed for mitochondrial function and is involved in processes like cellular respiration and apoptosis.
What are the three main subdivisions of a typical human cell?
Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm
What are the main differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and has ribosomes on its surface, while smooth ER specializes in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
How does the Golgi apparatus contribute to cellular function?
The Golgi apparatus processes and sorts products from the ER and forms transport vesicles for intra-cellular use or secretion.
Explain what happens during glycolysis and where it occurs.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, breaking down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP and hydrogen carriers (NADH).
What are lysosomes and what is their primary function?
Lysosomes are digestive organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular debris and foreign substances.
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