hello good good morning good afternoon and good evening on behalf of biopet and Military resarch Hub I'd like to welcome you all in our summer internship program my name is Mayor Tor a senior Gaz and petrochemicals engineering student ASP Egypt young professional members and I member and I'll be your moderator for today so before we start please keep the chat box professional and ethical and don't forget to Dr to drop your questions in the Q&A section below so without further ado let's welcome Dr Ahmed zwi engineer Ahmed Z engineer Ahmed earned his Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from kaider University in July 1983 with over 37 years in the oil industry across the Middle East he has excelled in various key roles his expertise founds Coil Tubing and nitrogen Services encompassing training supervision operations and maintenance he has also demonstrated Proficiency in Wireline operations while testing complex and downhall tools enhancing operational efficiency and performance engineer ahmed's strategic acument extends to Marketing sales planning engineering project coordination and Science and site management where he has consistently applied industry best practices to drive successful outcomes throughout his his career engineer Ahmed has been committed to advancing standards in the oil industry through his comprehensive knowledge and Leadership making significant contributions to mechanical engineering and oil sector management thank you so much engineer Ahmed for coming today and the mic is yours thank you man thank you oh good evening everyone uh don't believe in what she said I paid her 100 bucks to to say this these nice words yeah this is your biography I'm kidding well I have been teaching it's true I have been teaching since 1995 and I believe the The Good the good thing here for you guys that uh I am not teaching because I have a I'm a master degree in England or or any other higher degree in the states no I'm just a mechanical engineer but the nice part is I start my life uh sweeping the yard and cleaning the tools for my boss till I became director to service companies and um and I'm weing cover after after today I need to withness jobs and so uh everything that we will talk about I see it saw it by my eyes I touch it by my hand I run it in the hole I pull it of the hole I disassembled in pieces and I put the game um feel free to ask questions but uh I will leave the question to the end of the lecture where I will put the chat I will look at the chat and the and see your question and try to answer it if I can uh I was talking to Dr Ahmed while ago and I said this is my first time that I appear to my audience for the past 35 years wearing a t-shirt I always wear a tie and a jacket but this is this is really the first time I wear a t-shirt but anyhow I believe that knowledge is not in the T-shirt or the tie but it's it's here uh you guys will be with me in uh six lectures each one will will be for 1 hour talk about will intervention this is not a I I won't say this is not a real will intervention course but it is a a very simple one we will not go through every detail as we as as the real course is because this will take much time rather than 6 hours here uh we going to discuss today a course name Will intervention uh before we start we need to ask ourselves why what's well intervention and why will it uh actually uh what's will intervention I believe it is a science of how to deal with an oil will why will intervention because we need to avoid disasters that might be created for people that goes to the field to do a certain job and they don't have enough knowledge knowledge is is really important uh during this course we will talk a little bit about will control about risk assessment about a phenomena called hydrates about some ways of killing a well we will talk about what we call Mass which is the maximum allowable anual pressures we will talk about very simple calculation in um how to calculate the pressure and how to calculate the volume um this first three top topics represent a chapter we call compleation operation I believe this will take this session and the following one which will be Tuesday at TH then we will have a a complete chapter about completion we'll talk about completion the philosophy and design design philosophy and in function of the access that we run through the compilation um and then we will talk about what we call Will intervention will intervention services for us is either Wireline call tubing or snubbing in these sessions we will talk about C tubing and Wireline we will not discuss a snubbing um so we'll go through quing and and wir line only if you see this picture that's why we say why will intervention why the intervention is we need to avoid seeing this picture because the impact of this picture is life loss definitely environmental loss Financial loss reputation and number five we call it ex extra governmental regulation which mean that whenever something wrong happen we start putting new rules I to a limit that these days I cannot take a bottle of water with me to the plane um to go to the airport sometimes I go four hours before the airport before the plane and I I have to pass by maybe five six 10 check points before I reach there this makes my my life miserable this is what we call extra governmental information when we go to the to the field we care about what we call Will Integrity what's will Integrity it is defined as the LA the standard as the application of it's a mixture of three things as you notice technical operational and organizational solution to reduce the risk of uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons this is all what we care about and mean how to deal with prees because uh hydrocarbons are deep 10,000 20,000 and more deep in the earth and it comes all the way to the surface with pressure uh it's very important to know how to deal with this pressure because pressure is the killer as simple as that yeah and that's why when we are on Rite whatever onshore or offshore we do what we call S simulating drills what is drills it is ass simulating that we we we we we we try to say guys tomorrow at 2:00 afternoon we will have a problem so tomorrow at 2:00 there will be a a bell that sounds in the site and when you hear this Bell each one of you guys has to secure the job he is doing then go to the master point then tomorrow when we come at 2:00 when people he get the Bell everyone secure his job and then go to the master point then the safety engineer will go to master Point number two he's supposed to have 10 people he will look at the list and he will start saying names and then they will discover that Alex is not there where is Alex then we start search for Alex then Alex we found him in master Point number three why Alex you went to Master Point number three said well I wasn't the I wasn't the tolet and when the bell sound I found that Master Point number three is nearer it's near near than Master Point number two then we teach we tell them please Alex we will have another one Tuesday at 5:00 afternoon when you hear the bill wherever you are please go to master Point number one which is your master Point how to secure the job this is is a philosophy or as per the desire but uh the point is these drills we keep doing it and we keep repeating till we have the full satisfaction even if we have the full satisfaction we have to do it in regular basis at least once a week because very simple if I teach you how to drive and I give you a driving license and you stayed 10 years without driving then I gave you today the keys to drive the car to go home by the time you reach home you kill six people on the way right so we have to practice so we normally do it at least the these cating drills we do it at least once a week and um we normally do it uh before we start a new job to be sure sure that everyone knows what to do if a problem happen and uh we also do it when we have a crw change ke because when we have a crw change people comes from home they stay two weeks they forgot what oil field look like so so we have to remind him that they have to wear coveros and safety Boot and so it's very important to do that but we don't do these drills uh in critical jobs like perforations we cannot do drills while preparation this is ridiculous yeah but we do it before we start jobs yes this statement you see in front of you is a big big big issue the gas behavior how the gas behave from the time that leave the reservo enter my will all the way up through the completion till it reach the surface what is the behavior of gas bubbles to be able to answer this question you have to understand or ask ourselves the gas behavior from deep in the world all the way to the surface depends on the fact that the well is Flowing or shut in and when we talk about gas behavior we mean its volume and its pressure if the whe is shut in the gas bubbles traveling from deep in the well all the way to the surface these gas bubbles cannot expand canot increase in volume because it is a confined space the will is shut in so what happen is in a shut in well the volume does not increase but the pressure does because these gas bubbles since it cannot increase in volume it travels up upward with its pressure all the way to the surface creating what we call gas cap but if the whe is Flowing so this gas bubble has the space to increase in volume if it increase in volume it does not increase in pressure and this is what represents here to understand the gas behavior we have to know first the will is Flowing or shut down or shut in if the will is Flowing The Voice volume increases and pressure does not on the other side you see that in case shut in the volume cannot increase because this is a confined space accordingly the pressure increase because in in gas while traveling all the way up it create what we call gas cap at the top these gas capup increases the pressure that's why if you look at this relationship at the bottom what is the bottom hole pressure the bottom hole pressure is the sum of two things the hydrostatic head above plus the shut in pressure and this is also represent by this graph when you look at this graph that represents in the vertical axis the pressure and on the horizontal axis the time so the well is Flowing with a certain pressure the moment you shut in the well you actually uh converted the case from flowing to static in flowing condition uh what is there in the completion it is mixed G it's actually water oil and gas in a mixture the moment you shut in the whe you convert it into a static when you convert it into static form these fluids will separate based on deny so what will be down is water then you will have oil then you will have gas at the top but this separation does not happen in no time takes time because there there are some gases at 1,000 ft to travel all the way up creating gas cap this will take maybe 20 minutes but some other gases at 5,000 ft maybe will take one hour to reach the surface and some gases at 10,000 ft they might take two and a half hours to read the surface that's why when we shut in a whe you will see the pressure suddenly goes to maybe 900 P side then we go together to the cafe have a cup of tea together come back after 1 hour look at the gauge you will see the gauge goes to maybe 12200 then we grab two chairs sit together by the wheel head looking at the gauge you see the guge go from 1200 to 125 1210 and it goes up gradually maybe till 12:50 and then stop the moment there is no more increase we we call the will is stabilized which mean the picture below as we expect it is water at the bottom oil in the middle bring gas at the top uh at this particular moment the gas is stabilized sorry the well is stabilized back to this curve which represent what we just discussed vertical axis in the pressure horizontal axis is the time you will see that well is Flowing here at this point we shot in the wind what happened look at the pressure it goes through all the way up this fin stage we call it sharp and Rapid increase in pressure sharp in the increase rapid in time this first stage of the curve this is due to information build up this represent when we shut in the well it goes maybe from 50 psi all the way up to 900 PSI in no time then from 900 to 910 to 920 this is the second stage which represents here this is the second stage up to here which we call it long and slow long in time slow in the increase this stage is due to gas migration gas traveling all the way up based on the distance some guys are 10 ft away some other guys are 15,000 ft away so it takes time for them to go up when the gas go up it create gas this cap gas cap increased surface pressure accordingly increased in bottom hole pressure because remember the formula what is the bottom hole pressure is the sum of two pressures hydrostatic head plus shut in press and then the last stage it will is stabilized here no more increase in pressure because gases all the gases are up to the surface creating this gas C uh this tell us that when you shut in a whe its bottom ho pressure increase and this is a critical Factor you have to consider because if you increase the bottom whole pressure so the pressure that exceeds in fractur pressure you're going to frackle formation if formation is fractured you damage it I need to go back here and just need to be sure that you understand this in a flowing well what's the gas behavior in a flowing well in volume increase pressure does not the opposite if you shut in the well it volume does not increase because it's a confined space accordingly the pressure increase two one of the challenge we face in the oil field industry is what we call surge pressure and SWAT pressure what is the SWAT pressure the SWAT pressure happens when you are pulling out of the hole with your tools and you don't have enough clearance between the ID of your tubing and the OD of your tools if you don't have this enough clearance when you pull out of the hole fast you are creating vacuum the same thing is the Serge pressure the serg pressure happens when you are running in the hole too fast and you don't have enough clearance between the ID of your tubing and the OD of your tools when you do that like injection both injection and vacuum it hurts your Reservoir and that's why we say the word the slow the word is slow in our routine life it is is a disadvantage but in oil feeld this is the word you are looking for when you run in the hole slowly when you pull out of the hole slowly when you pressure testing slowly and in stages when you bleed awful pressures slowly and in stages have you noticed that slowly is the word that attracts you to the good practice you should follow the word quickly you know fa a disadvantage actually and the only time I I would remember reading that the word quickly is correct is when you close the flowing valve in the Christmas tree they said close it quickly as soon as possible but they mention what to minimize the erosion because the flowing valve on the Christmas tree it's a gate valve you are closing the gate valve again the will pressure the flow is this direction so flow it Road the ceiling surface of the gate so that's why you have to close it quickly rather than that please remember that slow is the correct C to use in one fi industry and um talking about bad words and good words uh when you deal with with pressure I don't know what the English word I should use to to to express that but uh uh if one of you guys come to me saided uh I need to borrow uh 3,000 P what I will do I will put my my hand in my pocket and turn a little bit this uh what about 1,000 and then you start oh it won't work I need 2,000 I said well 1,200 is the maximum I can give you I'm trying to explain that please if you can do the job at 100 PSI don't do it at 110 if you can do your job at 3,000 PSI do not do it at 3,100 pressure is a hazard this number one number two pressure creates fatigue to the equipment so please do not add any excess fatigue without reason to explain that b let us go to the API standard which is American petroleum Institute and we teach by the way we teach this course as per the American petroleum Institute there are so many standards in the oil F industry but this course we are teaching it as PBI when we go to the pressure test for example if I have a pressure control equipment like B blue out presenter for example and I purchase a brand new from the factory in the states which is rated to 5K 5,000 PSI it comes with with its certificates so I will start using it for a period of almost a year before the end of the year I have to recertify this B so what I have to do is I go to a authorized third party who witness the pressure test I will do when I do the pressure test for this B remember the B is rated for 5K 5,000 P after a year I need to recertify so I will pressure to it in front of the third party to recertify when I do the pressure test for this B which is rated for 5K I will do the pressure test up to what PSI am I going to do it to 5,000 PSI less [Music] more think a little bit before I answer but please think a little bit from my experience in teaching y some of you will say 5,000 some of you will say to 80% of this 5,000 some of you will say more than 5,000 let us go to the court to decide what's wrong and what's good our court in this course is API if you go to an API API tells us that the relation between the tested pressure and the working pressure is at least 1.5 so this BB which is rated for 5,000 PSI when I do the test for the purpose of certification I will test it to 7,500 P side at least if the test pass the third party will give me a certificate if you look at this certificates you will not notice 7,500 P told the certificates will tell you that this B is rated for 5K they might put in the certificate at the bottom with with the small letters test has been carried out as per the API standard so now the B tested recertified let us take it go to the field let us rig up on a Christmas tree what is the maximum pressure we can apply to this D the Christmas tree is rated to 100,000 I put it on top of that Christmas tree what is the maximum pressure I can apply to this baby the answer 5,000 you cannot exceed it during this year the tested pressure is the working pressure maximum working pressure which is 5K you cannot exceed that that's why in one of the question uh of the word Intervention which is they consider it a good question actually the question say that you up your wire line your E Line electric line equipment on a Christmas tree you test it to 5,000 P side you run it in the hole the hole is full of mud you reach it 13,000 ft you perforate when you perforate after a very short time the gauge on the surface reads 5,20 can you continue the job or not before the job you test your equipment to 5,000 P side you run in the hole the hole is full of mud you reach 13,000 ft you perforate after perforation the surface pressure reach 5,20 can you continue need the job yes or no I'll give you 30 second to think of some of you will say of course we can it's just 20 P side to do to those people are I tell them by the way I need to tell you that three p i can kill a man three not 30 the answer is no you cannot continue to J because now you are exposing your pressure control equipment to a pressure higher than the pressure you tested with or she can work with then one of you would said come on ahed yesterday we were in the factory and we T this B to 7,500 P so definitely it will resist this extra 20 the difference between the 7,500 PSI you you test it with and the 5,000 PS which is the maximum working fres is not for you to use in the operation this is to save your life in case of emergency so even if the pressure after perforation increase to 5,000 And1 I will not in I will not continue the job I cannot in this cause the problem I used to face me Engineers I used to give this course because the they are from operational side so uh when we discuss this issue all they look at the profits they look at the money uh how much they going to lose but please keep this out of your mind in these courses in these courses we care about your life we don't care about money money budget promotion these are bad words we don't use them we don't think of please keep this in your mind during this course money is not an issue budget is not an issue injury kill life these words that we are care about so people ask me of Ahmed if we cannot continue the job what should we do now we are at 13,000 ft pressure as you mentioned exceed the tested pressure we use so what should we do and my answer always guys please help me tell me what to do yeah suggest then I start hearing these answers one of them says if we cannot continue the job let's pull out the hole close with the swap valve close with the Christmas tree said great but this will take two hours so in two hours for two for complete two hours 120 Minutes you are exposing the area to a haard situation how come I need you guys to know that when you have a problem and you need to fix you go buy a book from the library how to solve problem and then you look at your problem oh your problem you will find it in page 20 in this book go to page 20 you'll find that it explains your problem which is yes this is my problem where is the answer but how to solve it go to p page 21 when you go to page 21 you might find 10 solution to your problem rest assure that solution number 10 is killing the W and how they this book how they come on there is no book look like that I'm imagining y the way he he gave you the solution the 10 Solutions solution number one you will find it that a solution that solve your problem in no time solution number two solve your problem in 1 minute solution number three solve it in 2.3 minutes solution number 10 solve it in 5 minutes you should go to a solution that solve your problem in no minute because we are talking about a Monas called pressure he will not wait for you long he will eat eat you in no time so please always find the solution that solve your problem in no time if you cannot find it go to a solution that solve it in 1 minute and so on but don't to start with a solution that solve your problem in two hours like the gentleman who told me pull out of the hole and close the SW Val this will take two hours someone say okay let's scale the oil I said great let us do it so we have the pump we mix the kill fluid and then let's start pumping the surface pressure is 520 so I need to start with 6,000 to be able to kill the will how come if 20 p i is forbidden now you need me to use 1,000 extra so killing the will definitely is not the solution then what's the solution ahed cut cut your cable drop it in the whe close the swap valve secure the will so people attendees when the hear the solution they cry because and they they tell me Ahmed do you know this solution will cost us how many your dos I said I don't care I care about life in this course we care about life we don't care about money and by the way killing the will is the last option you can choose in my courses I tell my people two devices put them in your right hand pocket and zip it do not touch them unless you are forced to these two devices are will kill and cut this is the last option you should think of cut and kill these are the two things that you should not touch unless you are forced to and two devices do not touch or use unless you are forced to please put them in your left hand pocket and zip it these two devices are down safety and the lower must b lower Master valve is your Lamborghini use it you use it in the weekends only but during the working days you go with your Toyota 1990 model because you can afford that but you cannot afford the cost of the Lamborghini the maintenance the running cost of the Lamborghini uh or Ferrari uh maybe time will come if if we have time we might be able to discuss this in details but please keep this in your mind these two devices a lower must valve and a down holve are the last option you use to solve your problems so talk about pressure talk about this blew out preventor that we tested to 5,000 PSI and we recertified let us go to the field tomorrow we rigged up on the Christmas tree we are planning to do a job where the maximum expecting surface pressure during this job is 1,000 PSI this is the maximum pressure we will reach during the whole job should I test the B to 5,000 PSI or not we are planning to do a job where the maximum expected surface pressure during this job is 1,000 PSI do I have to test the bo to 5,000 PSI yes or the answer is no actually we tested to at least 1.2 maximum expected so if the maximum expected is 1,000 P the minimum pressure test we do is 1,200 can we do it to 1,500 of course you can can we do to 3,000 yes to 5,000 yes to 6,000 no 5,000 is the maximum so why we don't go directly to 5,000 if the maximum expected surface pressure is 1,000 each additional one single piece are you at number one is you are creating a hazard number two you are creating fatigue to your equipment that's why you have to minimize the hazard and minimize the fatigue you create to your pressure control equipment I know guys you might have so many questions to ask me but this is the bad side of uh this uh online courses which I hat it because I'm talking most of the time I'm talking to the wall I say uh why the the practical courses the normal courses I'm with my attendees that we can fight all day I like fighting a lot fighting in in a sense of talking to each other and uh having different views and then I try to convince you and you try to convince me and then at the end we fight and we go to the court which is the API uh I am missing this in in in in online courses that I keep talking and you keep listening but unfortunately this is how how it goes let's start with the this topic barriers what is the barrier what kind of Well Service disaster Could Happen caused by pressure it is the blowout will pressure cause a blowout what causes the blowout to happen the barrier the barrier you are using fail to do his job what is the barrier by definition it is any device fluid or substance that prevents the flow of hroar like what like the Christmas tree like the BB not prevented like a Wireline plug we put with the completion Landing nipple like the stopping box of the Slick line the grease injection head of the uh electric line or braed line like the stripper in the called tubic uh like the fluid but when I said fluid I cannot stop like that fluid is considered a barrier If it creates hydrostatic head greater than formation pressure within a specific crange 200 to 300 side and it has to be monitored all time the moment you lose monitoring of this fluid you cannot consider it as a barrier so in fluid to be a barrier number one it has to create hydrostatic had greater than formation pressure within a specific FR which is we call it 200 300 PSI and it has to be monitored on time otherwise it is not what about down C down it evolve by the way it is a must in in any producing in will now is it or not actually if we close it it will prevent the flow of hydrocarbon so as per the definition it is a barrier but we do not as as will intervention ORF we do not consider it as a b we consider it as an emergency then then the question income is there any difference between a barrier and emergency barrier yes it's like uh if I have $300 in uh in my pocket and $200 in my wallet if any of you ask me Ahmed how much money you have I have 300 come on Ahmed you have another 200 in in your wallet I live my life with the $300 in my pocket when I will start using the 200 in my wallet when you put the knife on my neck I will give you my jacket my trouser my uh my my shoes everything you like this is emergency but I live my life with what I have in my go this is the difference between the barrier and an emergency a barrier so when I tell you we need to R up on a certain well and we need to have three barriers when I count the three barrier I'm using on this particular well I will not count it down holve because it is not a varer it is the emergency barrier and keep this in your mind and that's why I tell you it is one of the two devices you put them in your left hand pocket and ziet this is one of them down hor Dev do not use it unless you are forc it to this this is your last source of Defense yeah even if you have to use either a lower Master valve or down the valve down the valve you you you unzip your and put your hand in your pocket which one you take first take the lower down evolve is the last last last option for you to use we classify barriers into three categories primary barrier secondary barrier and tertiary barrier normally we are working using the primary barrier um in a slick line for example our primary barrier is a stuffing box if it failed we go to the we stop the operation and go to the secondary barrier why we stop the operation because the only barrier that can work while in and out while motion is the primary B all other barriers you can think of to use them you have to stop the operation the work in static not flowing not not motion motion so if your primary fail we stop the operation and apply your our secondary barrier our second barrier is nor the through but let us here uh discuss the word fa what do I mean by Fai yeah if during the job the stuffing box is leaking can I say it fails no it is leing all what you have to do is increase the pressure a little bit it will stop the Le but when I considered Fai when I put the maximum pressure I can apply and is still leaking now it is f clear this point the difference between leaking and failing if it fail which means I put the maximum pressure I can apply but still leaking then I'll stop the operation this is number one number two I'll apply my secondary barrier my secondary barrier is the B the pl Dental you close the BB the B will seal around the wire preventing a will flow if I apply my secondary barrier and it f in this case I have to go to the ter barer in the Slick line operation where is the tery barrier ter barrier is the Christmas tree but which valve in the Christmas tree in the Christmas tree we have three valves we have swap upper BL which one we close to secure the W cut the wire and SEC all of them by the way are gate valve gate valve are a knife valve if there is a slick fine they might but which is the correct one to use the correct one to use is the uppermost itself why because we say some some upper Master valve has the wire cutting capability and uh if you go to the supermarket to buy a gate valve and on the Shelf you see two gate valves both same size same manufacturer same pressure rating same color but one is $1,000 the other one is 1,300 so bring the salesman what's the difference oh I tell you that 1300 is a wire cutter the difference between them actually is the normal gate valve when you close it it is a knife that goes all the way in to seal so this Edge will go to inside the bed and see on on this strip if there is a slick line if it cut it you're going to damage it because the edge is designed to make a seed not to cut if you need it to cut without damage I'll tell you leave the valve with me and pass by tomorrow what I will do is I will go to this Edge I will make heat treatment so when it cuts it will not be damaged but why we put the cutting capability in the upper not in the lower or the swap because the upper valve is the only valve that is working pneumatic or hydraulic the swap valve is manual valve the lower Master valve is manual valve your hand is not a strong enough to cut a wi but the pneumatic or the hydraulic it has the power to cut that's why we say some upper mus B can cut the while so our primary barrier is the stocking box our second if it fade we go to the secondary barrier which is the B if it fade we will go to the T barrier is is the Christmas tree uh but if we move to the call teing if we put on top of Christmas tree quad B and two section lubricator or Rises why I said lubricator or Rises is there in difference between lior and Rising for years I worked with International companies actually and uh I I was under the impression that both other thing I what is this it's a rubricator can I call it a riser sure Riser rubricator are the same till I get the knowledge that they are not the same lubricator is thir connection Riser is flange connection this is the main difference and the big one as well lubricator a thre connection Riser is FL connection so if we go to call tubing we put call tubing two section risers then our injector which contains our primary barrier which is the stripper in this case where is our primary barrier differ it is a stripper if it fail we're going to stop the operation go to the secondary barer which is the B great apply the pipe r that seal around the pipe if it failed we go to tertiary barrier where is the tertiary barrier people start saying sheer seal B I do not have in this R up sheer seal B can I do the job without sheer seal of course yes La API allows us to do that on certain categories the low pressure what we call low pressure categories yes you can do the job without CHC so where is our tertiary barrier actually it is the Christmas tree can the Christmas tree cut the colding of course not then how it comes it is the ter barrier it is how to use it if your primary failed then your secondary failed which is your BV which is the pipe plan in the B what we're going to do you go to the secondary barrier which is your VV ask theb to use the sheer blades to cut the pipe when you cut the pipe the pipe failed in the whe now you go to the tertiary bar which is the Christmas tree go to the swap valve call the swap valve secure the but before you do that Lei tells you you have to pull out at least 10 ft why because if you are the TD total depth you cut the part will not fall will not fail down so you cannot use the Christmas tree so you have to pull at least 10 ft so when you cut you are sure that the pipe will fall down be away from the Christmas tree allowing you to close the Christmas tree Val to secure the will and look at what I wrote in green here any barrier can be classified as primary barrier as long as it prevents in flow of the world yeah in normal case slick line back to the sleck line primary ver is the stopping box B is your secondary Christmas tree is your Sur yes during the job if the primary fails then we go to the secondary which is the B who close to see after you use the B to to see what is the classification of the B it became primary and the Christmas tree move from being tertiary to Second they keep playing this rule till you fix the primary B and you open the BB the BB now goes to be a secondary barrier and the Christmas tree move from secondary to be tertiary barer uh I know that one hour is gone so quickly it let us let us see this question what can happen when you unset a retrievable bridge plug and don't have enough weight above it a retrievable bridge plug is a Wireline plug we run it through the production tubing we go all the way down we pass the production tubing we go to the open hall and then this retrievable blog it has a rubber element that flate to see it around the casing we use it to do a certain job once we finish we need to retrieve it out before you retrieve it what is the first thing you should do equalize the pressure and keep this in your mind for your future you cannot open any device without Equalization without without equal pressure even the self equalizing devices because even these self equal equalizing devices to open them how they know that you need to open them you have to give him a certain type of PR or movement to tell them I need to open you so by doing that you're going to open a little port and yes you wait for 50 minutes to self equalizing then but but generally speaking you cannot open a device unless you equalize the pressure above and below if you didn't this is what you're going to see these are actual picture taken from that place you will see a disaster here you see all this environmental loss you see these pipes these are not called heing pipe this is an oil well pipe this production tubic what brings all these spes to the surface a simple word called preure and this is the retrievable bridge block they found it where they found it they found it if you have a meter to measure the distance between the rig and this device it is almost 400 m this was not there this was 1,000 feet below when you open it again it's differential pressure the pressure push it all the way to the surface and it flies like a rocket 400 meter away this is this bridge block as a classification actually it's a barrier but if you misuse it it will create a disaster if you misuse the barrier you will have a disaster the API said that a minimum number of barriers you should use are two regardless of the type of operation you are doing uh work over drilling call tubing wi line sing whatever it is a minimum number of barrier are two that's why we at a well intervention team when we work with C tubing or wire line we use three varant why we use three because if during the job we lost one we still under the umbrella of the API we have two but if we use the minimum which is two and during the job you lost one you are in deep trouble now that's why we use at least three in one intervention if you don't mind I will I need to to finish this topic so I'll I'll go further a little if you want to leave whatever and anyone who who wants to leave and feel free to do that we we classify barrier into three categories but now we are talking about the barrier types uh we have two types of barriers we have a mechanical barrier and we have a hydrostatic barrier even the mechanical barrier we have two types of these we have either closed type or closable type in closed type it is Clos throughout the operation like the wir line plug like the stopping box of the W line like the stripper of the CO as long as you running the hole of the hole it is closed this is closed type but in closable type it is close when required which mean it is open by default it will close when you need it like in VB like in Christmas tree these are closable time the hydrostatic barrier we agreed it is a liquid that creates hydrostatic head greater than information pressure and mon for those time otherwise it is not when we test a barrier this is a rule with no exception you cannot use a barrier without testing it is a must that you test a barrier before you use and when you test it you need to test it from a directional flow we test it from Direction flow it is not from below not from above not from the side it is from a direction flow you cannot have a v blind ramp close it and test it from above by the way it will resist but you damage it because it is the designed to when you close it to withand the flow coming from this direction so you have to test it from this direction we test it from the direction of flow I will skip this because time is limited but General lure of testing the barrier we test it from Direction flow we never test with gas or flamable liquid this is common sense be sure there is no air in the system and you have to get rid of the air because the air will mislead you to the uh correct reading pressure gauge reading do not exceed the maximum working pressure all test has to be recorded uh use standards and procedures ah I'll I'll stop now and start looking for your questions question uh will share slides with us Dr Ahmed sure Dr Ahmed can can send you these slides somehow feel free to take it I have no problem with that can you please explain the reservoir pressure buildup part why it is sharp how uh as we agreed that uh in any flowing well when the well is Flowing pressure has a passage to go through uh the production line facilities all the way to whatever the end but when you shut in the will the pressure will start to accumulate there is no there is no place for the pressure to go to escape anywhere so you are building up a pressure now and that's why when you shut in a pressure shut in a well shut in a well you shift the case from flowing condition to static condition so these gases which at the bottom it travels all the way up because we agreed that in a static condition these three main liquid which is gas oil and water will separate based on Denis water at the bottom oil above and gas above and gas while traveling all the way up it takes the pressure with it all the way up that's why in shut in will in bottom pressure is the sum of two pressures sum of the hydrostatic created plus the newcomer the gas pressure created at the surface which is the gas cap created the surface causing pressure to increase and that's why in that curve the moment you shut in a well the surface pressure increase sharply this is because of the buildup of the formation pressure but then the pressure goes slowly because what is now causing the pressure to increase is the gases why it is not sharp because you have some gas at the surface they will take five minutes to reach but some gases are at 200 ft they will take 10 minutes some gases are at 2,000 ft they will take 20 minutes some guys at 10,000 ft they would take 2 hours so as long as gas is is building up at the surface pressure is keep going up but slowly because G does not come all of a sudden I hope I answer the question uhad I don't understand your question you said little above what is little above uh another question if we cannot use the equipment to more than 5,000 then what's the use of testing to 7,500 I answer this while explaining I said the difference between the 5,000 which is the maximum operating pressure and or test pressure you do and the 7,500 is to save your life in case of emergency like for example while testing you increase the pressure you're supposed to test to 5,000 but suddenly the pressure goes to 6,000 your equipment will not be blown out killing any person around it so the differ between the 5,000 and the 7,500 is to save your life in case of emergency uh and don't guys keep your mind keep your mind that 5,000 is the the working pressure of equipment we have equipment which is rated for 10,000 P we have equipment which is rated for for 15,000 p and even more uh let us see more questions uh why should the downhole city Evol be used only in Last Resort as I said it's like when I go out I put 300 in my pocket but keep this 200 in my wallet this 200 in my wallet it is emergency I use it in emergency if I use this system in my social life actually I do that uh what about he you have to have emerc device extra devices that can save your life if the the normal one does not and if you go as per the API with two barriers and during the job the two barriers fails you are in deep trouble so in this case you have a device that can save your life uh that's the main reason uh you are an employee taking uh $3,000 per month this is your salary if you don't have a reserve in your bank account and during the month one of your children is sick and you need to go to the he needs to go to the doctors from where you got the money your salary is dedicated to the grocery to the supermarket to the bushler to the uh dry clean to your wife you have to have a some something which is hidden you can use it in case of emergency this is the downhall if evolve if for a SLI fine operation it is recommended to use the upper Master Val which valve should be used for work over uh work over you don't have a Christmas tree in work over then you have a drilling rig you have the rig which is totally not well intervention because in work over it is a totally different story workover you are dealing with this Wills in this course we are talking about will intervention if you look at the word intervention in the dictionary you will see that it is it means F act fast because in will intervention we are dealing with life wordss but in workover we're dealing with dead Wells so the the standards are different the the sequence and design philosophy is totally different how vacuum is created when surge preure occurs uh go by go to the pharmacy by an injection plastic injection and put it in the medicine liquid medicine and you start to do like that what will happen you will see the medicine enter your injection right because the vacuum created this is what vacuum is you earlier said that there is two devices that you can touch I said you cannot not can when the emergency comes the case is when pressure exceeds but any other case is right can you give us more of them or just one please I cannot hardly understand the question but let us talk about yes it is true I said that there are two devices do not use them unless you have no other solution these devices two devices lower Master V and the down valve because always you have some other devices to use like an upper Master valve like the swab valve like BV like Shear seal VB like stuffing box grease injection head all these are devices you can use but keep these two these two are like uh like the the deposit you have in your bank you put $5,000 your dollar you don't touch them you know nothing about them you live your life with your income normal income where you go to this 5,000 years dollar when you have a disaster when you need to get married I'm not saying that married is a disaster but so you you touch this $5,000 us you have it in your bank in case of emergency that you have a Emer situation you have to deal with and you don't have enough money in your pocket then you go to this otherwise do not yeah don't go to them because you need to buy a new trouser do not touch this 5,000 PSI go to your salary this is why we said these two devices do not touch unless you are forced to hello sir I want to ask about if we produce if we produce again the shut well how long it takes to pressure goes down to before we shut in I'm afraid that your English Dava is not clear that uh why we shut in a well we shut in a well for many purposes uh how to produce from this a again open the valve you are producing again uh um but if you are talking about when we shut in a well how many minutes or hour it takes to the till the whe is stable when we have this water down oil above and gas on Top This depends on the the whe character it is it varied from a a whe to another uh another question why why pressure occurs because of the pulling out too fast if you are pulling out too fast and you don't you don't have enough clearance between the IDE of the compleation you are running in or running out and the OD of your Wireline tools you are creating this vacuum because you have no no no no equilibrium between uh the pressure above the tool and the pressure below the tool and that's why you are creating it's like injection it is the simplest way to explain that it is the injection the plastic injection uh do like that this is vacuum go back this is this is serve track pressure bottom hole pressure what should be safe difference pressure not to damage Reservoir it each Reservoir has a fractur pressure limitation this is well known from your study to the reservoir so you know we know that this Reservoir its fracture pressure is 3,250 for example so this is the red line that we should not exceed otherwise we're going to Frack formation Frack formation mean that we're going to break the Unseen link between these gravels uh these grains and they will be split away whatever horizontally or vertically if at any particular time now you stop pressure you stop pumping these grains will fall down uh collapse the will is collapse you don't have now any clearance between these grains so no no streets no roads for the flow for the hydrocarbon to flow from the frag job is totally different story sometimes we do frag job frag job is fracture job we frag we know that the formation pressure the formation fracture pressure is 3 , 250 but we apply 5,000 or 10,000 P so we frackle formation but we plan to F this is a big difference planning or not planning we plan so yes when we pump 10,000 P you split these grains away from each other so the roads down there the road that was two lanes became four lanes so more hydrocarbon to flow this is true but before you stop pumping you fill this area you create with propan propan is an artificial formation you create at surface you pump it it fill this gaps you stop pumping now the original formation cannot go back because we have you fill this areas with artificial formation which has high permability uh would share a book on will intervention I have no problem with that I will discuss this with Dr ahmedi and I have no problem with that at all uh sir is the hydrostatic fluid in the well not a primary barrier the hydrostatic head If it creates hydrostatic pressure greater than formation pressure within a certain 200 to 300 PSI and you keep monitoring yes it is your primary barrier I think if the will has a blue out how long it takes to the pressure goes back if the will if you have a blowout everything you lost nothing will go back because if you have a blowout you have to to deal with the blowout first how fast you going to deal with the pro out this is a different story please help describe a will shut in procedures uh this is the big topic I'm afraid that is not part of the course uh how about controlling the Well from reg operation they're only killing fluid or always have mechanical barrier like mini bu not mini it is a true bu when we work with rigless it is the same like we work in rig the the the safety devices are the same the pressure control is the same the API standard is the same the API doesn't make a difference between working onshore offshore regulus not regulus uh blue color or red color so when we work in Regus operation we follow the same standard we follow the same procedures how are self equalizing devices activated like tubing retrievable we have what we call Self equalizing down hot well uh when you close because you emergency situation you lead off the pressure above you solve the problem you have above now you need to open this valve again to start production but you cannot open it now because above it you have zero PSI and below here you have 3,000 you cannot if the valve is self equalizing what we do we go to the control line we apply slow pressure we apply pressure slowly this will open a port that size this port will make the equalization across the valve uh we wait 10 15 minutes when Equalization happen you continue pumping in the control line to open the Flopper most of the well I'm we have bow type and we have Flopper type but the majority we are using is fler type this all the question I have wait I have in the chats looks like an [Music] let me see if we have more questions here good morning everyone Dr I'm not I'm not a doctor by the way I'm just an engineer I would like to know what is the maximum acceptable pressure during well perforation during well perforation and is there any way to predict gas to redict the gas pressure based on depth andway and there you cannot say maximum uh what's the maximum acceptable pressure during the well perforation because it depends on the to the the the the pressure control equipment you are using and that's why this pressure control equipment is categories we have 20 P we have equipment rating to 3,000 to 5,000 to 10,000 to 15,000 and even more so from your study you should know but as I said the relation between this and that should be at least 1.5 so uh uh for example if you expect that the reservoir pressure uh when you perforate it will give you uh 5,000 PCI uh p pressure that mean you cannot use 5,000 PSI equipment you have to go to 10,000 PSI because when you go to 10,000 PSI you know that the pressure maximum expected pressure is 5,000 and as I said at 35 you have to multiply when you pressure test at least 1.2 maximum expected so you have to multiply 5,000 by 1.2 this will give you 6,000 200 or whatever and that's why you have to go to the higher category which is 10,000 PSI uh how do you see the future of well intervention in the context of increasing focus on reable energy sources and s in the energy sector uh it's one statement but it takes time to to answer this because uh there are different scenarios uh uh what is the future of the F intervention because the the new technology implemented now is is is really yeah unbelievable after now we're still discussing when you drill a well for example was drill bit and uh drill coolers uh and when we uh uh produced from a will we have TR completion then we have will headit but come on guys the new technology now we drill with the casing we drill with the casing so there is no drill pipe or drill cooler and once we finish we perforate the casing and we produce from the casing so we don't have production tubing we don't have production accessories like Parkers and SSD SPM Landing nipple but this is a big big big story can human being Personnel be a barrier especially when he fails to operate equipment appropriately uh quickly speaking uh it happens in Libya with one of with one of the international service companies when they were on on on site and a blow out is about to happen and one of the crew run to the Christmas Tree close the swap wall and the uh he was not wearing cover uh gloves uh he closed the SW Val preventing a blue out saving lives uh saving environment saving financial and he was totally injured you some stories told me that when he tried to open his hand after he closed the spot he couldn't because his bare hand was with the SW W which was too hot that it caused a pness and it was he went to the hospital anyhow for weeks and at the end they make him a a big big party for what they fire him they fire him because I'm not talking about now what he sa but he did something we call it unsafe act and this International Company would like people to follow him he might die so you cannot be a barrier human being cannot be a barrier please I just want to ask what the will correlation H not part of the course but quickly speaking the correlation that if you need to do a certain job at 9,000 ft so you run to 9,000 ft who told you it is 9,000 ft it's your counter who told you that your counter is correct what is the accuracy of your counter you are definitely not at 9,000 fet because of so many reason one of them is delation one of them is the temperature uh difference between surface and down hall one of them the accuracy of the the the this counter so what we do we have to do correlation like one of them is what we call Landing nipple or tubing end locator for example we have some devices that it tells you where you are and of course we have logging that could tell you where exactly you are yet but this is big issue but this is quickly speaking what's will correlation depth correlation if I'm if I'm if I understand your question correctly last one which of the following is a common application of nitrogen in will intervention in uh in nitrogen in will intervention we use many reason one of them of the the common type of nitrogen we use nitrogen lift we need to reduce hydrostatic hit like for example you are you drill a gas well and you decided to use a compleation four and a half inch and you start producing this gas gas while coming out from this well it's is not a dry gas gas comes normally with two liquids water and condensate SO gas oil coming out of the way all the way up it carries in his hands oil andate uh when he will do that if he has enough pressure to do it if he doesn't have enough enough velocity sorry if the gas doesn't have enough velocity to do it what the gas will do he will close his eyes open his hands drop a water and condensate so he can go alone water and condensate start accumulating down till it creates hydrostatic head greater than the information pressure the whe is dead one of the solution is to run with qual and start pumping nitrogen this nitrogen Gap will lift the liquid up reducing the hydrostatic head so the hydrostatic became less than the formation pressure the world is producing again this is one of the way that we are using this nitrogen for intervention I hope I'm done for today sorry I I I I thought it is 1 hour but it takes almost one and a half hour uh the next session will be uh Tuesday same time uh we we will continue talking about completion operation as well hopefully we'll finish it Tuesday and then we move to another topic um I hope that I I would I pass some good or useful information to you in this one hour y thank you for being there and see you Tuesday at 6 o'