Flashcards for:
AP Biology Live Review Session

Water's polar covalent bonds result in hydrogen bonding, contributing to its cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, and the density difference between ice and liquid water.

Cellular respiration includes glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix), and electron transport chain (inner mitochondrial membrane), resulting in ATP production.

Passive transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion) does not require energy and moves molecules down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their gradient.

Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. In hypertonic solutions, cells lose water and shrivel; in hypotonic solutions, cells gain water and swell; in isotonic solutions, there is no net water movement.

Enzyme inhibition regulates metabolic pathways; competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, blocking substrates, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere, altering the enzyme's shape and function.

Feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis; negative feedback reduces the effect of a stimulus, while positive feedback amplifies it, regulating processes such as hormone levels and temperature.

The cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2), during which the cell grows and DNA replicates, followed by mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis, resulting in two daughter cells.

In hydrolysis, water molecules are used to break bonds between monomers, while in dehydration synthesis, water molecules are formed when monomers are joined together.

Secondary messengers, like cAMP, relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the signal and leading to a response.

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers crucial for cell membrane structure and function.

A higher surface area to volume ratio allows for more efficient nutrient uptake and waste removal, essential for maintaining cell function and homeostasis.

Signal transduction pathways involve the reception of a signal (ligand binding to a receptor), transduction through a series of steps amplifying the signal, and a response such as gene expression or a cellular action.

Enzymes act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy needed for reactions, increasing reaction rates without being consumed in the process.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration to provide energy for cellular processes.

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and involve Photosystem II and I, resulting in the production of ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.