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What is the Shannon-Hartley Theorem equation for channel capacity?
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C = B log2(1 + S/N), where C is the channel capacity, B is the bandwidth, and S/N is the signal-to-noise ratio.
Calculate the bit rate for a system with 16 levels and a sampling rate of 10kHz.
The bit rate is 40,000 bits per second.
What is the bandwidth requirement for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?
The bandwidth requirement is half of the data rate.
What is pulse modulation?
A technique where after encoding, digital data is converted into pulses for transmission.
What determines the bottleneck in a communication path?
The slowest link in the communication path determines the bottleneck.
Explain the difference between Unipolar and Bipolar line coding.
Unipolar coding uses two levels (0 and high), while Bipolar coding uses three levels (low, 0, and high).
What is digital baseband communication?
A type of digital communication that typically occurs over cables without the need for a high frequency carrier.
What are the types of pulse modulation used in digital communication?
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
How is bandwidth efficiency determined for return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) line coding?
NRZ can transmit 2 bits per second per Hertz, whereas RZ can transmit only 1 bit per second per Hertz.
What role do undersea fiber optic cables play in Internet communication?
They form the backbone of international data traffic, handling 99% of global data transmission.
Convert an SNR value of 70 dB to a power ratio.
The power ratio is 10^7.
What is the formula for determining the data rate in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?
Data Rate = n x F_s, where n is the number of bits per sample and F_s is the sampling frequency.
How does Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) work in digital baseband communication?
PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the samples, encoding them into a digital format, and using pulse modulation techniques to transmit the data.
What is the historical importance of the first undersea cable?
Laying the first undersea cable 177 years ago marked a significant milestone in international communication.
True or False: 16 levels require double the bandwidth of 17 levels.
False.
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