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Kidney Anatomy and Physiology
Jun 30, 2024
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Kidney Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Don't buy detox products; liver and kidneys naturally detoxify.
Focus on kidney anatomy and blood cleaning physiology.
Kidney Functions
Regulate fluid levels.
Ion balance.
Clear blood waste, excrete through urine.
Kidney Location and Structure
Size: about human fist.
Location: Sides of the spinal column, above the lower back.
Positioned behind the abdominal cavity.
Adrenal Glands
Positioned atop kidneys.
Produce adrenaline.
Ureters and Urethra
Ureters: transport urine to the bladder.
Urethra: transports urine out of the body.
Shorter urethra in people with vaginas â higher risk of UTIs.
Kidney Cross-Section
Cortex: outermost layer of kidney tissue.
Medulla: middle layer.
Renal Pelvis: uppermost end of the ureter, carries pee.
Hilum
Where renal artery, vein, and pelvis converge.
Functional Anatomy
Nephrons
Functional units of the kidney (1 million per kidney).
Medulla
Blood vessels in renal columns transport blood to/from cortex.
Renal Pyramids
Funnel waste to renal pelvis.
Have collecting ducts merging into the renal pelvis.
Blood Filtration Process
Blood Inflow
Renal arteries: 20% of cardiac output.
Arterioles branch into glomerulus (tiny capillaries).
Capillaries have tiny holes (fenestrated capillaries).
Glomerulus
Filters small particles (glucose, amino acids, water).
Retains big particles (blood cells, large proteins).
Bowmanâs Capsule
Wraps around glomerulus, sends waste into tubules.
Renal Corpuscle
Combination of glomerulus and Bowmanâs capsule.
Tubule Pathways
Proximal convoluted tubule â Loop of Henle â Distal convoluted tubule â Collecting duct.
Peritubular capillaries (around tubules).
Vasa recta (around Loop of Henle).
Kidney Filtration Steps
Glomerular Filtration
Filters 125 mL/min of blood.
Outputs ions, water, glucose, lipids, amino acids, urea.
Tubular Reabsorption
Happens in convoluted tubules and Loop of Henle.
Key reabsorbed items: water, sodium, glucose, amino acids, ~50% urea.
Loop of Henle
Descending limb: water exits.
Ascending limb: ions exit.
Osmolality-driven water and ion flow.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Uses energy to pump ions out.
Collecting Tubule
Similar mechanisms to Distal Convoluted Tubule.
Tubular Secretion
Transports unwanted large molecules from blood into tubules.
Regulates blood pH (7.4) by moving hydrogen ions out.
Urine Formation
Urea cycle: some reabsorbed, then re-secreted.
Final urine into renal pyramids â renal pelvis â ureters â bladder â outside body.
Produces ~180 liters of filtrate/day, ~1.5 liters of urine.
Conclusion
Introductory video; more detailed content to follow.
Viewer engagement invited for future topics.
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