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Describe two characteristics shared by all living organisms.
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The ability to respond to the environment and being composed of one or more cells.
Name the two types of anatomy that focus on the microscopic level.
Histology and cytology.
What is the significance of the abdominal cavity within the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominal cavity houses vital digestive organs like the stomach and liver.
Discuss the role of the pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity.
The pleural cavities house the lungs, allowing for the respiration process within the thoracic cavity.
Explain the difference between the parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes.
The parietal membrane lines the body cavity, while the visceral membrane directly covers the organ.
Identify and describe a body cavity located in the dorsal body cavity group.
The cranial cavity is part of the dorsal body cavity and contains the brain.
What is the function of serous fluid in serous membranes?
Serous fluid acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between moving organs and cavity walls.
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback, and give an example?
Positive feedback amplifies a response, such as in childbirth with the release of oxytocin, while negative feedback regulates around a set point.
Define homeostasis and provide one example of a negative feedback mechanism.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions. An example of a negative feedback mechanism is the regulation of body temperature.
Describe the contents and significance of the mediastinum.
The mediastinum contains the heart, trachea, and esophagus, playing a critical role in separating the pleural cavities and housing vital organs.
What is the anatomical position, and why is it important?
The anatomical position is standing upright, feet shoulder-width apart, head and palms facing forward, and arms at sides. It is important as a standard reference for anatomical terminology.
What is the primary focus of systemic anatomy?
The study of organ systems.
What types of signals are involved in cell communication, and why is it crucial?
Cell communication involves receptors and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) and is crucial for feedback loops and coordinated functions like muscle contraction.
What role do gradients play in physiological processes?
Gradients drive processes like diffusion by providing differences in concentration, pressure, or temperature between two areas.
What is meant by the term 'gross anatomy' and give an example of what it might study.
Gross anatomy refers to structures visible without a microscope, such as the major organs like the heart or bones.
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