hey guys it's medicosa's perfect net is where medicine makes perfect sense welcome to a brand new playlist pathology baby the study of diseases and their nature and their causes or risk factors and precipitating factors biopsy is the gold standard look at the organ look at it and then respect it how the organ looks to the naked eye is called gross examination grows here means big not disgusting and then you put the tissue under the microscope and that's called microscopic examination in this series you will learn about the different types of stains different techniques to prepare the tissue and resilient diseases did you know that medicine has more than 10 000 conditions to study and learn and devour let's start at the beginning cell injury first you gotta understand the difference between cell injury and cell death cell injury is reversible but cell death it's over there is no going back irreversible here your cell is just hurt but here your cell is gone she gone man she gone and if you are familiar with this pathology playlist you know that we talked about cell death before apoptosis versus necrosis what can cause cell injury which is irreversible condition it could be hypoxia less oxygen or anoxia no oxygen chemical agents physical agents free radicals like the reactive oxygen species inflammatory causes immunological causes microbiological causes genetic or metabolic causes nutritional deficiencies intracellular accumulation of some Gunk sometimes the gunk is coming from outside and sometimes it's coming from your body from the inside and then aging or senescence where everything in your body literally becomes like a country song what are the most famous causes of hypoxia or anox see it let's think about that what are the organs that are responsible for supplying your body with oxygen lungs of course so lung disease can lead to this and who should Supply that oxygen to all tissues of your body the hot so heart disease can also lead to hypoxia or anoxia so causes of cell injury can include myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease how about chemical factors we have the polycyclic hydrocarbons such as cigarette smoking do not just say hydrocarbons because literally you are made of hydrocarbons we say polycyclic hydrocarb next was that oh that's the alcohol group yep alcohols can lead to cell injury medications especially acetaminophen or paracetamol Tylenol heavy metals such as mercury poisoning lead poisoning arsenic toxicity Etc physical agents such as radiation or frostbite or Burns or more skin wounds then free radicals also acetaminophen so you can imagine that acetaminophen is dangerous especially if you overdose and iron overload state known as hemochromatosis what does osis mean condition what does chroma mean color because if I have hemochromatosis my skin will acquire a bronze color Chromo color and hemo because iron is in the heme which is part of your hemoglobin of the blood inflammatory conditions can injure my cells such as abscess fironco carbuncle cellulitis folliculitis sepsis Etc immunological conditions like the famous autoimmune diseases lupus rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma AKA systemic sclerosis sjogren syndrome and much more microbiological which include bacteria viruses fungi and parasites they can lead to cell injury of course genetic or metal all the conditions like phenylketin urea and diabetes mellitus nutritional deficiencies can injure my cell such as if I am deficient just in proteins this is called protein energy malnutrition a famous example is quite sure core disease but if I live in the desert and I'm not eating or if I live in abject poverty I am deficient in all three what do you call that total energy malnutrition such as a disease known as merasmus and the patient will have cachexia which we talked about before in this pathology playlist intracellular accumulation of stuff coming from the outside lead or anthracotic pigment remember my video on Anthrax I've told you Anthrax is not the same as anthracos anthracosis is a pigment no big deal but Anthrax oh it can kill you next we have endogenous intracellular accumulation coming from within you so as triglycerides or bilirubin The Starry heavens above me and the moral law within me who said that let me know the answer in the comment section and then aging because if I age as I age the cell replication decreases which means when the cell gets injured it's not repairing itself as it used to now let's have some of these as examples and elaborate starting with hypoxia this is cyanosis a blue baby a blue baby is born what do you think is going on well it's either a lung disease or a heart disease of course how can you tell the difference easy give oxygen if oxygen treated the problem then it was a lung issue because when I give oxygen I am replacing the lungs function if it corrects then it was a lung disease but if it does not correct no significant Improvement then it's a heart issue even if you give oxygen to the body the heart still has to pump it to all the tissues when the heart cannot do it this is the heart condition such as the famous cyanotic congenital heart diseases all of them start with a t trachos paid atresia tetralogy of follow tea a PVR transposition and truncus don't you know next let's talk about alcohol methanol can lead to formic acid toxic to your eye ethanol metabolize into acetic acid normal doses usually not toxic high doses it can lead to toxicity especially because of the elevated nadh level which will trigger many enzymatic reactions in your body and you will end up with outcomes that you do not like example lactic acidosis to name just one how about ethylene glycol it can be metabolized into glycolic acid not good for your kidney it causes kidney stones next let's talk about acetaminophen acetaminophen or paracetamol will be metabolized in your liver over by the liver p450 enzyme system cytochrome into something called napkey what does napkey mean it's an acronym it stands for an acetyl P benzoquinone amine in case you're wondering this snapkey is evil it's gonna deplete the glutathione glutathione was the good guy glutathione is a free radical scavenger gluthion is the good guy it gets rid of the bad guys the free radicals how do you think we should treat acetaminophen well try to replenish the good guy how do I replenish glutathione by an acetylcysteine we were just scratching the surface on acetaminophen if you want to learn more about acetaminophen and the other non-steroidals like aspirin ibuprofen ketoprofen oxyprosyn if you want to learn about serotonin pharmacology the antihistamines and the H2 blockers the medications that we use for peptic ulcer disease and for migraine download my utakoids pharmacology course at medicosisperfectsnellis.com next let's talk about heavy metals if you have watched my kidney failure videos especially my video on acute kidney failure I've told you that acute renal asotemia has three types pre-renal intra renal and post renal pre-renal the problem is here in the blood that's reaching the kidney renal the problem starts inside the kidney post reading of the problems in the outflow from the kidney two from inside what are the things that can damage the kidney itself I.E intraenal exotemia hypoxic and toxic hypoxic ischemia oh like anoxia hypoxia exactly and toxic what are these could be medications or could be heavy metals look at this all of these agents can injure your kidney these include a radio contrast agents like iodine that we use in contrast city scan heavy metal poisoning many antibiotics Platinum is chemotherapy immunosuppressive medications like cyclospore and tachrolymers Methotrexate but not serolimus because usually seralimus is good for the kidney seralimus spares the kidney lipid lowering agents like statins cocaine ethylene glycol and tolene next let's talk about iron and copper why are they toxic because of something called the fentan reaction if iron is left free if copper is left free they will give me hydroxyl free radicals so here's how I remember the Phantom reaction it's the F me mnemonic if Fe is left free by the Fenton reaction it will give me hydroxyl free radicals freaking bad and that's why if you remember your physiology someone has to be carrying that iron all the time we do not leave that iron to be free because if it becomes free it causes disasters who's gonna bind the iron in your blood it's bound to transferrin in in your tissue it's bound in the form of ferritin see medicine makes so much sense once you understand what the flip you're talking about next let's talk about some cellulitis and some abscess action remember that microbes are bacteria fungi viruses or parasites that's why the field of microbiology studies bacteriology fungality or mycology virology and parasitology we use the Gram stain to differentiate between many types of bacteria if they stain purple we call them gram-positive because they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall but if they stay in pink because they do not have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall they are called gram negatives gram positives could look like this spherical we call them cocci or like this bacilli we call them rods and then if you are a gram-positive caucus the next question is do you have catalase enzyme or do you not have catalase enzyme if you do you are staphylococcus and then do you have coagulase if yes it's a a staff Aureus this Steph lukakis Aureus as we have discussed in my microbiology and infectious diseases playlist is coagulate is positive why is that important coagulase is an enzyme that coagulates by making fibrant fibers you coagulate the infection will be localized in a small area relatively speaking so you get a tiny folliculitis or can get bigger furunco or even bigger carbuncle but we're still limited to a certain Locale in your body conversely if you're talking about streptococcus pyogenes which is coagulase negative there is nothing to clot it and keep it in one place that's why streptococcus pergines will spread all over the area giving you cellulitis sepsis necrotizing fasciitis all of these are widespread areas of infection medicine makes so much sense if you understand standard next let's talk about phenylketon urea if you have watched my video on it look at this doctor my child is acting strangely not learning smells forgive me like a rat low birth weight low head circumference and a lighter skin tone Oh by the way I married my cousin this is fennel kittenuria a deficiency in an enzyme known as phenylalanine hydroxylase normally this enzyme should convert phenylalanine into tyrosine but in cases of phenylketonuria phenylaline hydroxylase stose which means phenylalanine cannot become tyrosine who's gonna pile up everything that is before the enzyme so phenylalanine will accumulate and who will decrease in my blood tyrosine will be very low therefore how can I treat this patient a special diet rich in tyrosine and poor in phenylalanine I.E try to reverse the symptoms and when the doctor did just that look what happened hey doctor do you remember me I am the mother of the PKU child this is a True Story by the way he has caught up with other kids he's leading a normal life now thank you you changed our lives see what a good doctor can do not the doofuses with the stethoscope that we have today running around the hospital and this proves to you that PKU is a cell injury because it was reversible not a cell death if your wonderful Professor explains like this I will retire from YouTube and work for a garbage company NeXT let's talk about kwashir core which is protein energy malnutrition look what are the causes of low protein in my blood maybe I'm not eating it and this is called kwasher core syndrome due to malnutrition of proteins or maybe because my liver is not making it we see this in chronic liver disease like cirrhosis or maybe because I am eating it I am making it it's just I am losing it I'm wasting too much protein I could be wasting their protein through skin in third degree burns or through the gut maybe I should blame my stomach Miniatures disease or blame my intestines male absorption syndrome such as celiac disease or should I blame the kidneys this is nephrotic syndrome whatever the case might be all of these patients with low protein and Darren will have low oncotic pressure because remember that's in the vessel what's the name of the pressure that pushes hydrostatic pressure which depends on the volume of the blood and what's the name of the pressure that pulls fluid to the inside of the vessel it's called oncotic pressure who's responsible for the oncotic pressure plasma proteins namely albumin if I am not eating enough protein I will have less albumin and I will be unable to pull fluid to the vessel in instead the fluid will escape and go to the outside accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is the definition of Edema this edema is pitting when you touch it when you push your finger in and then pull your finger for the next few seconds you will still see the indentation this is called pitting it is dependent which means gravity will pull it down that's why we speak of ankle edema next this edema is made of clear fluid known as a Transit versus the edema of infection and inflammation which is known as an exudator you see this in cases of abscesses pus formation this edema is not caused by the high hydrostatic pressure instead it's caused by the low on cardiac pressure whether it's due to quasher core or cirrhosis or burn or celiac disease or minutes disease or nephrotic Center drone this is medicine as it should be not the trash that you're taught in school well I saw the kind of ish read my professor's PowerPoint and I got all of this medicine thing figured out kiss my calcaneus so today you learn about a variety of causes of cell injury which is a reversible process if this video gets 3 000 likes I will make a special video on hypoxia and the different causes of hypoxia and the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia and what the flip is hypoxic hypoxia and much more so please subscribe hit the like button and share my videos with others today we talked about abscesses cellulitis for your uncle carbuncle all kinds of infection how do we treat bacterial infections antibiotics if you download my entire parents course it will teach you not only of antibacterials but also anti-virals anti-fungals and anti-parasitic medications downloaded today at medicosisperfect snails.com myocardial infarction can lead to hypoxia in the body and this can lead to cell injury of course you can learn about angina and myocardial infarction many cardiac arrhythmias ischemic Strokes hemorrhagic strokes and much more if you download my emergency medicine high yields course at medicosisperfectsnetis.com if you do not want to download my premium courses but would rather watch them right here on YouTube click the join button and choose the highest tier thank you for watching please subscribe hit the Bell hit like support my channel here or here go to my website to download my courses notes and cases be safe stay happy study hard this is medicosa's Perfect Nails where medicine makes perfect sense