Lecture on the Formation of the United States Constitution

Introduction

• America is facing a crisis of division among the states over policy and commerce.
• States acting independently are weakening trade abroad and creating domestic chaos.
• There is a need for unity to prevent further deterioration of the nation's stability.

Trade and Tariffs

• Virginia and other states are struggling with British control over trade.
• Debate over whether Congress should regulate trade.
• Proposal to empower Congress to enforce restrictions and regulations.

Calls for a Stronger National Government

• Concerns over the states' jealousy and corruption.
• Fear of standing armies in each state and foreign powers exploiting divisions.
• James Madison advocating for a national government to prevent dissolution.

The Role of Influential Figures

• Importance of getting influential leaders like George Washington to support the convention.
• John Adams in London, advocating for fair trade with Britain.

The Federal Convention

• The necessity of George Washington's attendance for the success of the convention.
• The impact of rebellion and unrest in states like Massachusetts.
• Discussions about revising the Articles of Confederation for a stronger union.

Debates and Compromises

• The Virginia Plan proposes a new government structure with three branches.
• Representation based on population leads to conflict between large and small states.
• The small states oppose proportional representation fearing loss of influence.

The Great Compromise

• Roger Sherman's proposal for a bicameral legislature: proportional representation in the House, equal representation in the Senate.
• Debate over state sovereignty vs. people’s representation.

Issues of Slavery

• Contentious discussions around the importation of slaves.
• Compromise to end the importation of slaves by 1808.

Discussions on Democracy

• Varied opinions on the level of democracy in the new government.
• Concerns about checks and balances in government office appointments.

The Final Push and Compromises

• The struggle to reach consensus on representation in Congress.
• The compromise committee's report leading to the acceptance of the framework.

Signing and Ratification

• The final draft of the Constitution is prepared and read.
• Benjamin Franklin’s support despite reservations about the lack of a Bill of Rights.
• The Constitution signed by delegates on September 17, 1787.

Impact and Aftermath

• The new Constitution marks a significant moment for the United States as a nation.
• The challenge now shifts to ratification by the states.

Conclusion

• George Washington swears in as the first President of the United States, symbolizing a new era for the nation.
• The Constitution signifies the birth of a united national government.