okay so this is a brief history of human-computer interaction often shortened to H C I so we're going to look through a semi linear history of where human computer interaction started and some of the approaches that we have up until this day so this is going to be a particular look at a graphical user interface of the GUI and how that developed as this is probably the most dominant and common form of human-computer interaction that we have in fact any devices that we use often use a screen currently and we'll use a form of GUI or graphical user interface and so what we're going to do here is we're going to have a look and see where those came from so this is a little quote here about studying the past so we want to look at the past to see if we can figure out new futures so the hue the area of human-computer interaction doesn't go back that far in fact but there's been a rapid transformation of how infects or infiltrates our lives on a daily basis so this is a sketch of the mimics by Vannevar Bush in 1945 he wrote about a system that would allow us to retrieve and store knowledge information and so he imagined in a way that we've got to put this information into a system and retrieve it and in fact some of his comments in the as we may think article in the Atlantic Monthly which originally in fact was written in 1939 wasn't published until 1945 a lot of the things that he talked about in fact led towards what would be the world wide web or hypertext and that was back in 1945 now this time obviously computers were not small they certainly weren't personal computers they would often take up huge rooms and spaces but in 9 in 1960 a guy called JCR Licklider wrote a centerpiece called man computer symbiosis in which he felt that then not too many is human brains and computer machines be coupled together very tightly and that the resulting partnership will think of as no human brain herself or perform processed data in a way that's not been processed before so that was in 1960 obviously one of his immediate goals there was the fact that these computers were huge and that people had to share those resources and so ways of being able to share time share computing was important and this idea of having some sort of input and output display the communicating information in real time was something that he considered and so he really felt that man and computer would be able to come together you know pretty rapidly it didn't quite happen as fast as he felt but these days of course when we use the iPhone and various other things you know they are augmenting our thinking and so it's time to consider a lot of these people here we're looking at ways that we might extend thinking through human-computer interaction and really a symbiosis of those two opportunities of course one of the originals of screens that came around was from the PDP one and in fact it was the hardware used for playing the very first computer game on a mini computer called space war and it used a type 30 precision CRT display so here we had likes or green dots that would appear on the screen and in fact the screen was round and is one of the first instances or close to one of the first instances of having any type of graphical user interface and this was you know again in the 1960s in this instance in Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 even Sutherland was inspired by the Memex and what you'll see a lot of the time is that a lot of the history is actually inspiration from various parts come through in different manifestations so there's a lot of information here that was kind of leant upon and learned upon and he he put together something called the sketchpad in 1963 which is the part of his PhD thesis a lot of the GUI that we see was derived from the idea of the sketchpad and he got a couple of images you've got to draw an object using a light pen and then it had the opportunity to apply constraints and actually use a lot of inspiration towards modern computer aided design or CAD software for developing you know architectural drawings and those kind of things so there was a bunch of buttons on the left to allow you to apply constraints from the like pen also it introduced the idea of object orientated programming which was a brand new thing and this would go on to be one of the main stay programming approaches that we have today a very similar time in 1962 Doug Engelbert inspired by lick earlier on wrote SRO SR I report in 1962 called a conceptual framework for augmenting human intellect and so he was looking again at how a computer might augment human intellect and this again is in the 1960s so at this point this is what a computer scientist predominantly in this is coming out of the United States of America Lick was working at ARPA and so a lot of this was funded through the government and through army resources and so this report was looking how am i automate human intellect Doug went on to showcase what is now known as the mother of all demos in the 9th of December in 1968 and this was at what it's called Augmented human intellect Research Center and he gave a demonstration showcasing what he called the online system or nls and this was the this demo which was well worth watching in detail really introduced a whole host of features that we know today it was at this point that the mouse was first shown here we had he goes and creates a shopping list where he can delete and remove and move items around he does a number of things that really are now you know standard on every computer that we use so this is definitely something to look at it's quite a long demo but you'll get the idea and again at the beginning of the demo he talks about the ability to have a computer that was always on and work at the instance of reactions to you and this was in 1968 and many argue that a lot of Doug's thoughts and things here are still to be realized up until this day and some of the the systems that he had were you know way ahead of its time in 1972 you know in again inspired by you know Engelbert and others Alan Kay wanted to create something called a diner book and this is actually a sketch of his concept and he was looking actually in learning theories from Bruner and pepper around how we might use a digital tool for learning and so he create was called the diner book and this you know obviously looks very much like you know a laptop or an iPad with a screening connected at the bottom and this is 1972 and he called it a personal computer for children of all ages the diner book and so we see here these kind of key people Bush Licklider Sutherland Engelberg and Kaye really inspired at this point by each other to push forward or would become personal computing Ted Nelson there is another character to investigate and look up so Ted Nelson he invented terms hypertext and hypermedia and there's a forerunner to what would become the world wide web but had some very different approaches to that and in fact again a lot of people looking at his work now and reinvestigating it with the level of computing we have to see whether they might be alternative interfaces there so Ted Nelson another person to relook up and the the Xanadu project which is spell of annex some other areas of interest connected to this is obviously MIT the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ARPA and of course the ARPANET which will be the forerunner for the internet and we've mentioned there the augmentation Research Center lab is another place to look so this was all happening in the sort of you know 1950s 1960s where we were starting to see this idea of how computers and humans might interact together we had some very crude graphical user interface and of course Doug Engelbart's mother'll demos really did showcase that ability to not use kotrina programming but have a visual interface that will allow you to interact with the computer this is a Xerox Auto it was a first computer designed from the inception to support a graphical user interface which would later become obviously desktop metaphor the CPU for this actually resided in in the entire cabinet underneath so a lot smaller than the computers you know prior to that and this is in like 1973 this is about a decade prior to actually mass-market getting his graphical user interfaces and they built like the custom chip that would fit into that cabinet so Xerox PARC is the place where the modern graphical user interface started and it was started with the Xerox operating system which we can see here and you can see some obviously some key things very much like what we see today this is actually an implementation of an operating system built on small talk-- which Alan Kay used for the Dynabook as well so this again is again through Xerox and this is looking at their learning group and the small talk was also you know seen as an exemplify of this human-computer symbiosis so we see those clink those links through right now from the 1960s into the 1970s this is the Xerox system and what's key to understand here is that in 1979 Apple under this of you know enthusiasm Jef Raskin Steve Jobs visited Xerox and they took a long look at what was does York's operating system and also what would be Xerox star so this is actually Apple Lisa released in 1983 and not the metaphors and things that we see from the Xerox system were quite clearly inspired and provided you know ways for Apple to release the Lisa in 1983 so this is a problem the first sort of personal computers that is now becoming mass-market it was in 1984 the Apple release the Macintosh which was built again up up on this concept of the graphical user interface so that's menus files folders these kind of things really all born from Xerox PARC it's in 1985 the first version of Windows it's released and again trying to borrow very similar you know interface style looking particularly this point more towards from the Macintosh and in 1988 next step which is the operating system that Steve Jobs when he left Apple after their issues around in fact the Macintosh and other systems he went on to form a company that built next step which was a new operating system and in fact this was a system in the worldwide web would be invented on but here you can see obviously you know some of the art more icons again a very similar interface windows 3 released in 1990 again utilizing the same thing at this point we're starting to get much more color involved in fact if you look at you know today's interfaces we see you know Google the Google office suite here really you know utilizing and taking advantage of what would be this the implementation of Xerox Stars own sort i conce graphical user interface not many things really have changed in that instance oven the computers have become much more powerful so a few things just to bear in mind and think about it so and this is kind of a way to understand it is Xerox PARC particularly staroffice know those interfaces really inspired the systems that went on to be the Apple Lisa and of course the Macintosh next step took that and up to another level with Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak and Jef Raskin also key players in the hardware and the implementation of these OS often Steve Jobs accredited with these things but of course you know it wasn't without others that he did the things that he did of course we see the operating systems today evolve slightly and windows obviously 8 and Windows 10 it's time to push this kind of tile metaphor slightly more but again most of the operating systems that we undertake the art on computers currently at least perform the very very similar stuff to the system that was created you know in 1978 1979 at Xerox PARC which is kind of interesting that we've that short history but relatively little change in fact the drag-and-drop files and folder metaphors are very very similar so that is a really rapid history of the human-computer interaction particularly focused around what where it started and the implementation of the graphical user interface so a couple of things to reflect upon so comparing current graphical user interfaces what are the similarities that we see why do you think that is so no so there's lots of ways that we approach things why are they similar and then maybe what are the biggest differences in the user interface you seem and would that make you consider one platform over the other of course touch interfaces and those kind of things a much more recent and so you know there are slight differences to those but what are the differences between say the Windows current operating system and the Mac OS operating system and does that make much of a difference from what are the similarities and why do they have very similar ways of interacting okay so that was a very brief history of how we've got to where we are in general terms of how we interact of computers through a myriad of screens