hello I am reading from a book called communication in the real world chapter 1.2 it's about 10 pages long and here we go the communication process learning objectives one identify and Define the components of the transmission model of community 2 identify and Define the components of the interaction model of communication three identify and Define the components of the transaction model of communication four compare and contrast the three models of communication five use the transaction model of communication to analyze a recent communication encounter communication is a complex process and it is difficult to determine where or with whom a communication encounter starts and ends models of communication simplify the process by providing A visual representation of the various aspects of a communication encounter some models explain Communication in more detail than others but even the most complex model still doesn't recreate what we experience in even a moment of a communication encounter models still serve a valuable purpose for students of communication because they allow us to see specific Concepts and steps within the process of communication Define communication and apply communication Concepts when you become aware of how communication functions you can think more deliberately through your communication encounters which can help you better prepare for future communication and learn from your previous communication the three models of communication we will discuss are the transmission interaction and transaction models although these models of communication differ they contain some common elements the first two models we will discuss the transmission model and the interaction model include the following parts participants messages encoding decoding and channels in communication models the participants are the senders and or receivers of messages in a communication encounter the message is the verbal or non-verbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver for example when you say hello to your friend you are sending a message of greeting that will be received by your friend the internal cognitive process that allows participants to send receive and understand messages is the encoding and decoding process encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication as we will learn later the level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages varies decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts for example you may realize you're hungry and encode the following message to send to your roommate I'm hungry do you want to get pizza tonight as your roommate receives the message he decodes your communication and turns it back into thoughts in order to make meaning out of it of course we don't just communicate verbally we have various options or channels for communication encoded messages are sent through a Channel or a sensory route on which a message travels to the receiver for decoding while communication can be sent and received using any sensory route site smell touch taste or sound most communication occurs through Visual site and or auditory sound channels if your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game you may need to get his attention by waving your hands before you can ask him about dinner transmission model of communication the transmission model of communication describes communication as a linear one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver this model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter although the receiver is included in the model this rule is viewed as more of a Target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process we are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not the scholars who designed this model extended on a linear model proposed by Aristotle centuries before that included a speaker message and hearer they were also influenced by the Advent and spread of new communication Technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio and you can probably see these technical influences within the model think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio Studio to you listening in through your card the sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves the channel and eventually reaches your the receiver's ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded the radio announcer doesn't really know if you receive his or her message or not but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received as you can see the diagram here includes the sender who is encoding and the receiver who is decoding and the message being hello and there is noise which can interfere with the reception to the receiver since this model is sender and message focused responsibility is put on the sender to help ensure that the message is successfully conveyed this model emphasizes Clarity and Effectiveness but it also acknowledges that there are barriers to effective communication noise is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter speaker sends a clear message noise May interfere with a message being accurately received and decoded the transmission model of communication accounts for environmental and semantic noise environmental noise is any physical noise present in a communication encounter other people talking in a crowded Diner could interfere with your ability to transmit a message and have it successfully decoded while environmental noise interferes with the transmission of the message semantic noise refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when participants do not understand a symbol to use a technical example FM antennae can't decode AM radio signals and vice versa likewise most French speakers can't decode Swedish and vice versa semantic noise can also interfere in communication between people speaking the same language because many words have multiple or unfamiliar meanings although the transmission model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today the creation of this model allowed Scholars to examine the communication process in new ways which eventually led to more complex models and theories of communication that we will discuss more later this model is not quite Rich enough to capture Dynamic face-to-face interactions but there are instances in which communication is one way and linear especially computer mediated communication CMC as the following getting plugged in box explains computer mediated communication is integrated into many aspects of Our Lives now and has opened up new ways of communicating and brought some new challenges think of text messaging for example the transmission model of communication is well suited for describing the act of text messaging since the sender isn't sure that the meaning was effectively conveyed or that the message was received at all noise can also interfere with the transmission of a text if you use an abbreviation the receiver doesn't know or the phone auto corrects to something completely different than you meant then semantic noise has interfered with the message transmission I enjoy bargain hunting at thrift stores so I just recently sent a text to a friend asking if she wanted to go thrifting over the weekend after she replied with what I received my text and saw that my smartphone had auto corrected thrifting to thrusting you have likely experienced similar problems with text messaging and a quick Google search for examples of text messages made funny or embarrassing by the autocorrect feature proves that many others do too just as an aside we should remember that CMC is an abbreviation and it stands for computer mediated communication getting plugged in computer mediated communication when the first computers were created around World War II and the first emails exchanged in the early 1960s we took the first steps toward a future filled with computer mediated communication those early steps turned into huge strides in the late 1980s and early 1990s when personal computers started becoming regular features in offices classrooms and homes I remember getting our first home computer a Tandy from Radio Shack in the early 1990s and then getting our first internet connection at home in about 1995. I set up my first email account in 1996 and remember how novel and exciting it was to send and receive emails I wasn't imagining a time when I would get dozens of emails a day a day much less be able to check them on my cell phone many of you reading this book probably can't remember a time without computer-mediated communication if that's the case then you're what some Scholars have called digital natives when you take a moment to think about how over the past 20 years computer mediated communication has changed the way we teach and learn communication at work stay in touch with our friends initiate romantic relationships search for jobs manager money get our news and participate in our democracy it really is amazing to think that all that used to take place without computers but the increasing use of computer mediated communication has also raised some questions and concerns even among those of you who are digital natives almost half of the students in my latest communication research class wanted to do their final research projects on something related to social media many of them were interested in studying the effects of computer mediated communication on our personal lives and relationships this desire to study and question computer mediated communication may stem from an anxiety that people have about the seeming loss or devaluing of face-to-face communication and that's abbreviated f t f face to face aside from concerns about the digital cocoons that many of us find ourselves in computer mediated communication has also raised concerns about privacy cyber bullying and lack of Civility in online interactions we will continue to explore many of these issues in the getting plugged in feature box included in each chapter but the following questions will help you begin to see the influence that computer mediated communication has in your daily communication there are three questions one in a typical day what types of CMC do you use two what are some ways that CMC reduces stress in your life what are some more ways that CMC increases stress in your life overall do you think CMC adds to or reduces your stress more and number three do you think we as a society have less value for face-to-face communication than we used to why or we're not interaction model of communication the interaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts rather than illustrating communication as a linear one-way process the interaction model incorporates feedback which makes communication a more interactive two-way process feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages for example your instructor May respond to a point you raise during class discussion or you may point to the sofa when your roommate asks you where the remote control is the inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter rather than having one sender one message and one receiver this model has two sender receivers who exchange messages each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process we alternate between the rules of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought the interaction model is also less message focused and more interaction focused while the transmission model focused on how a message was transmitted and whether or not it was received the interaction model is more concerned with the communication process itself in fact this model acknowledges that there are so many messages being sent at one time that many of them may not even be received some messages are also unintentionally sent therefore communication isn't judged effective or ineffective in this model based on whether or not a single message was successfully transmitted and received and here's a diagram so so they have the sender who is also the receiver sending a message how are you across a message Channel and we have the sender receiver decoding and encoding and both of them are engaged in a feedback Channel and that's engaged within some physical context such as speech or text or email and there's still the noise there's also a psychological context to all of this the interaction model takes physical and psychological context into account physical context includes the environmental factors in a communication encounter the size layout temperature and lighting of a space influence our communication imagine the different physical contexts in which job interviews take place and how that may affect your communication I've had job interviews on a sofa in a comfortable office sitting around a large conference table and even once in an auditorium where I was positioned on the stage facing about 20 potential colleagues seated in the audience I've also been walked around campus to interview with various people in temperatures below zero degrees although I was a little chilly when I got to each separate interview it wasn't too difficult to warm up and go on with the interview during a job interview in Puerto Rico however walking around outside wearing a suit in near a 90 degree temperatures created a sweating situation that wasn't pleasant to try to communicate through hmm whether it's the size of the room the temperature or other environmental factors it's important to consider the role that physical context plays in our communication psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter stress anxiety and emotions are just some examples of psychological influences that can affect our communication I recently found out some troubling news a few hours before a big Public Presentation it was challenging to try to communicate because the psychological noise triggered by these stressful news kept intruding into my other thoughts seemingly positive psychological States like experiencing the emotion of love can also affect communication during the initial stages of a romantic relationship individuals may be so love struck that they don't see incompatible personality traits or don't negatively evaluate behaviors they might otherwise find off-putting that's probably why the divorce rate is a little over 50 percent for first marriages feedback and context help make the interaction Model A more useful illustration of the communication process transaction model views communication as a powerful tool that shapes our realities Beyond individual communication encounters transaction model of communication as the study of communication progressed models expanded to account for more of the communication process many scholars view communication as more than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning we don't send messages like computers and we don't neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction model unfolds we also can't consciously decide to stop communicating because community is more than sending and receiving messages the transaction model differs from the transmission and interaction models in significant ways including the conceptualization of communication the role of sender and receiver and the role of context Laurel incorporates a different understanding of what communication is and what communication does the transmission model views communication as a thing like an information packet that is sent from one place to another from this view communication is defined as sending and receiving messages the interaction model views communication as an interaction in which a message is sent and Then followed by a reaction feedback which is Then followed by another reaction and so on from this view communication is defined as producing conversations and interactions within physical and psychological contexts the transaction model views communication as integrated into our social realities in such a way that it helps us not only understand them but also create and change them the transaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social relational and cultural contexts just communicate to exchange messages we communicate to create relationships form Intercultural alliances shape our self-concepts and engage with others in dialogue to create communities in short we don't communicate about our realities communication helps to construct our realities the rules of sender and receiver in the transaction model of communication differ significantly from the other models instead of labeling participants as senders and receivers people in a communication encounter are referred to as communicators unlike the interaction model which suggests that participants alternate positions as sender and receiver the transaction model suggests that we are simultaneously senders and receivers for example on a first date as you send verbal messages about your interests and background your date reacts non-verbally you don't wait until you are done sending your verbal message to start receiving and decoding the non-verbal messages of your date instead you are simultaneously sending your verbal message and receiving your non-verbalness your dates non-verbal messages this is an important addition to the model because it allows us to understand how we are able to adapt our communication for example a verbal message in the middle of sending it based on the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our communication partner and here's a diagram we have a communicator and another communicator within a psychological and physical context and also a relational context we have a social context and a cultural context in the middle of all that we have the co-creation of meaning the transaction model also includes a more complex understanding of context the interaction model portrays context as physical and psychological influences that enhance or impede communication while these contexts are important they focus on message transmission and reception it's the transaction model of communication views communication as a force that shapes our realities before and after specific interactions occur it must account for contextual influences outside of a single interaction to do this the transaction model considers how social relational and cultural context frame and influence are communication encounters social context refers to the stated rules or unstated Norms that guide communication as we are socialized into our various communities we learn rules and implicitly pick up on Norms for communicating some common rules that influence social contexts include don't lie to people don't interrupt people don't pass people in line greet people when they greet you thank people when they pay you a compliment and so on parents and teachers often explicitly convey these rules to their children or students rules may be stated over and over and there may be punishment for not following them Norms are social conventions that we pick up on through observation practice and trial and error we may not even know we are breaking the social Norm until we notice people looking at us strangely or someone corrects or teases us for example as a new employee you may over or underdress for the company's holiday party because you don't know the norm for formality although there probably isn't a state of rule about how to dress at a holiday party you will notice your error without someone having to point it out and you will likely not deviate from the norm again in order to save yourself any potential embarrassment even though breaking social norms doesn't result in the formal punishment that might be a consequence of breaking a social rule the social awkwardness we feel when we violate social norms is usually enough to teach us that these Norms are powerful even though they aren't made explicit Like rules Norms even have the power to override social rules in some situations to go back to the example of common social rules mentioned before we may break the rule about not lying if fly is meant to save someone from feeling hurt we often interrupt close friends when we're having an exciting conversation but we wouldn't be as likely to interrupt a professor while they are lecturing since norms and rules vary among people and cultures relational and cultural contexts are also included in the transaction model in order to help us understand the multiple contexts that influence our communication relational context includes the previous interpersonal history and type of relationship we have with the person we communicate differently with someone we just met versus someone we'd known for a long time initial interactions with people tend to be more highly scripted and governed by established norms and rules but when we have an established relational context we may be able to bend or break social norms and rules more easily for example you would likely follow social norms of politeness and attentiveness and might spend the whole day cleaning the house for the first time you invite your new neighbors to visit once the neighbors are in your house you may also make them the center of your attention during their visit if you end up becoming friends with your neighbors and establishing a relational context you might not think as much about having everything cleaned and prepared or even giving them your whole attention during later visits since communication norms and rules also vary based on the type of relationship people have relationship type is also included in relational context for example there are certain communication rules and Norms that apply to a supervisor or supervisee relationship that don't apply to a brother sister relationship and vice versa just as social norms and relational history influence how we communicate so does culture cultural context includes various aspects of identities such as race gender nationality ethnicity sexual orientation class we will learn more about these identities in Chapter 2 communication and perception but for now it is important for us to understand that whether we are aware of it or not we all have multiple cultural identities that influence our communication some people especially those with identities that have been historically marginalized are regularly aware of how their cultural identities influence their communication and influence how others communicate with them conversely people with identities that are dominant or in the majority May rarely if ever think about the role their cultural identities play in their communication when cultural context comes to the Forefront of a communication encounter it can be difficult to manage since Intercultural communication creates uncertainty it can deter people from communicating across cultures or lead people to view Intercultural communication as negative but if you avoid communicating across cultural identities you will likely not get more comfortable or competent as a communicator difference as we will learn in chapter 8 culture and communication isn't a bad thing in fact Intercultural communication has the potential to enrich various aspects of our lives in order to communicate well within various cultural contexts it is important to keep an open mind and avoid making assumptions about others cultural identities while you may be able to identify some aspects of the cultural context within a communication encounter there may also be cultural influences that you can't see a competent Communicator shouldn't assume to know all the cultural context a person brings to an encounter since not all cultural identities are visible as with the other context it requires skill to adapt to shifting contexts and the best way to develop these skills is through practice and reflection now we have a section here called key takeaways and then some exercises key takeaways communication models are not complex enough to truly capture all that takes place in a communication encounter but they can help us examine the various steps in the process in order to better understand our communication and the communication of others next the transmission model of communication describes communication as a one-way linear process in which a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it transmission of the message may be disrupted by environmental or semantic noise this model is usually too simple to capture face-to-face interactions but can be usefully applied to computer mediated communication next the interaction model of communication describes communication as a two-way process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts this model captures the interactive aspects of communication but still doesn't account for how communication constructs our realities and is influenced by social and cultural contexts finally the transaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social relational and cultural contexts this model includes participants who are simultaneously senders and receivers and accounts for how communication constructs our realities relationships and communities the exercises are three one getting integrated how might knowing the various components of the communication process help you in your academic life your professional life and your Civic life two what communication situations does the transmission model best represent the interaction model the transaction model three use the transaction model of communication to analyze a recent communication encounter you had sketch out the communication encounter and make sure to label each part of the model communicators message Channel feedback and physical psychological social relational and cultural contexts see that's the end of the chapter the next chapter is 1.3 communication principles and I will start that after taking a break