hi everyone how are all of you my friends i'm so excited to be here with you today hey before i start i always ask this question i see so many messages saying how are you so excited good evening a session with you after such a long time yes and i see disha here again hi tisha hi prasun hi harshita hey can i be seen and can i be heard if i can be seen and heard please just give me a thumbs up so that then i can get all excited and continue okay so aditi has already given me a thumbs up and uh hi carol hi him lata hi avni hashtashti hi neel hi amrita achiku hi hey mom i got so many of my friends over here and so many thumbs up thank you very much i'm so so excited to be here with you today i saw so many comments saying i'm so excited and eagerly waiting for your session i want to tell you that i also i'm so excited i've literally been waiting to be with all of you here today so my dear friends a very very big warm welcome to baiju's 9 to 10 session on civics now i see a lot of names over here that i have met before so thank you for joining us again i'm very excited to have you back this year with us a fresh new academic year we're looking forward to lots and lots of things is civics my favorite subject uh you've got a question over there go ahead and answer uh is civics my favorite subject i'm not going to tell you what my favorite subject is but you can go ahead and answer you've got a question there is civics your favorite subject go ahead and click on either yes or no please say yes okay so very very big warm welcome i'm like i said i'm very very excited to see all of you here again uh to all my old students a very warm welcome to you again and to my new students who have joined us just this year a very warm welcome to all of you okay now whether you're an old student or a new student it doesn't matter i want to tell you that this year we're at the beginning of the academic year and we're looking forward to lots of sessions with you okay so i see the poll uh having been answered 66 percent of the people say yes and 33 say no okay well we're all allowed our preferences right i think we all have some of our subjects so like some people would say history is my favorite some people will say civics is my favorite some people will say english is my favorite it doesn't really matter the important thing over here is irrespective of what your favorite subject is we must make an attempt to learn everything to the best of our ability and once we've learned it and we've enjoyed the process of learning you will actually find that your favorite subject doesn't really matter anymore because when you enjoy the process of learning everything becomes your favorite and i can vouch for this because this is something that i have experienced so many people ask me ma'am which is your favorite subject and i find it so difficult to answer because the fact is when we're learning and we're learning happily everything becomes our favorite right so i really hope that at the start of this academic year and through the academic year with all the sessions that we have uh learning becomes most important to you learning becomes fun for you and you will find that all the subjects are easy peasy and when they're easy peasy for you they will become your favorite subjects also right so as paichu says come fall in love with learning okay now today we are let me tell you that the the difference between this year and what we did last year we know that this channel for eight nine ten was launched last year now we have channel nine and ten and then we have another separate channel for six seven eight so if you haven't subscribed to both please go ahead and subscribe to both channels because there's going to be some exciting stuff that is happening on both our channels okay and i'm going to be taking sessions on both so i would love to see you all on both channels go ahead tell your friends go ahead tell your families because we've got lots of exciting stuff planned for you see the difference is last year when we launched the channel we started sometime in october right which was just a little bit before our term on exams so we were sort of quickly scrambling to finish our syllabus this year we are here right at the beginning of the academic year so we have a long time we have tons of time to prepare we've got tons of time to learn we've got tons of time to practice so all in all it's going to be a very very exciting year and i'm really excited all right now let's go ahead and let's see what our chapter for today is our chapter for today is a civics chapter we're going to be dealing with chapter one of civics for grade 10 which is power sharing very interesting chapter i actually grew to love this chapter because um the concepts are actually so interesting and we're going to make it as interesting for you as possible so that you also start finding this chapter really easy and you will start to really like it too now before i go ahead to explain how i'm going to be explaining this chapter to you first since it's about power sharing let's understand what power sharing is okay so what is power sharing can you see this image over here you can see that the power is being divided or distributed among so many people right over here in the image so typically the definition of power sharing is what is the distribution of power between different organs and levels of the government so that power is not concentrated in any one hat right now why do we want power not to be concentrated in any one hand well that could be not a very good thing right just imagine if there was just one person who was controlling everything and imagine that it's a really vast country okay which means this person this single person this one hand of power has the power to make any sort of decision that they want for the entire country imagine that would that be a great thing i think not right because then the person is not taking into account all the different people their interests right there are so many different kinds of people so many social groups he's not taking into the interest of everyone he's just doing he or she or they are just doing what they want which is not a very good thing apart from that if we have power concentrated in the hands of just one person what if um the person falls ill what will happen will the administration of the country come to an end we can't have that right so basically concentration of power in one hand is not a good thing and this is solved by power sharing and this is exactly what we're going to be talking about i see a lot of answers over here power sharing is the division of power between organs or levels of government disha yes you are right aditi says power sharing is a political arrangement in which different or opposing groups take part in government together yes absolutely right uh ma'am will there be mentee today with your excitement no no mentee today but i think my excitement will tide you through right okay so we know what power sharing is right uh hi himani how are you i'm happy to see you here again welcome okay okay shruti you want me to explain again shruti just for you please power sharing is basically the distribution of power between different organs and between different levels of the government so that power is not concentrated on one hand it is very very simple power is distributed or divided between different organs and different levels of government okay because we don't want it to be concentrated in one person's hand i've just explained why it should not be concentrated in a single person's hand right correct it can lead to absolute rule of power sharing will not be that absolutely right yeah okay now we've discussed a lot about what power sharing is let's go ahead and see how we are going to approach this chapter okay so um we are going to basically be dividing this chapter into three sub-topics as we can see over here the first sub-topic is case studies of sri lanka and belgium and let me tell you these are so exciting you will understand what happened in these two countries and you will understand how different they are okay through the case studies and through the case studies you will also understand why power sharing is desirable right and apart from that we will also go ahead to learn forms of power sharing so we've got a very exciting chapter ahead of us uh disha says if power is concentrated in one hand it is not a democratic setup absolutely right okay uh nibha says ma'am we love your teaching because of your excitement and passion to teach us thank you nibin yes i am so excited and i am i love teaching you all it's a fact okay yes it is distribution about between different organs but hey if i keep chatting with you we won't be able to finish what we've planned today so let's first finish what we have and then if we have some time we'll still go ahead and chat some more i think everyone is so excited because we've come back after a really long time right well the excitement is mutual let's go ahead yes you can go ahead and take notes in the book yourself you can write it in a notebook you can write it wherever you want please the most important thing is that you do take the notes because these notes are what will help you in your revision later right and we know that revision is so important so okay let's go on to our first sub topic for today which is case studies of sri lanka and belgium okay let's start with our first country that we have on the list we have over here the first case study which is the case study of sri lanka now just take a look at the map i know that all of you know where sri lanka is in context to india right it's quite close to india we know where it is situated so take a look at it and we will go ahead and understand a little bit more about this country so rohan says i love sri lanka yes that's good so we're learning more about it and you rohan will understand more about what happens in the country that you love so much right yes it is our neighboring country sri lanka is an island nation that is located in south asia and it is just a few kilometers off the southern coast of tamil nadu so yes it is a neighboring country it's quite close to us now sri lanka actually it's very interesting they became an independent nation a little bit after india india got its independence in 1947. sri lanka got its independence a couple of months after that in 1948. okay now let us understand what who the people of sri lanka are and how they are sort of divided okay so sri lanka is a country let me tell you it has a population of approximately two crore people now this country has a lot of social divisions now what do we mean by social division social division means different groups which means you have people in this in the country who speak different languages you have people in the same country who belong to different religions so let's see how this two crore population was divided okay now out of this uh two crore population you had 74 percent of this population that were actually sinhala speakers so what is sinhala sinhala is the is like the native language of sri lanka so 74 percent of these people spoke the sinhala or basically they were sinhalese we have 18 who were tamil speakers okay now these tamil speakers were further divided into 13 being sri lankan tamils and uh five percent being indian tamils now what is the difference between sri lankan tamils and tamils well the indian tamils well they're both tamil speaking okay but sri lankan tamils are the natives of sri lanka whereas the indian tamils have basically come in from india so they may have come in as plantation workers or they may have come in for jobs but basically they're from india and now they are residing in sri lanka okay so in terms of language we know that there are two major groups the majority language being spoken over here is sinhala and you have uh the other grouping tamil speakers now what about differences in terms of religion what is the religion what are the different religions practiced over here well let me tell you that most of the sinhala speaking population were buddhists okay and then you had the tamil speaking population which were practicing who were practicing hindu they were practicing hinduism as well as islam so they were hindus and muslims and we had seven percent christians who were both tamil and sinhala speaking so what do we understand from this data over here we understand that the majority in terms of language was what majority of language the linguistic group which was a majority over here were the sinhala speaking people or the sinhala speaking population and uh in terms of religion the majority religion being practiced over here was buddhism right now we've understood how this country has been divided in terms of social divisions let us go ahead and let us understand what is the problem in sri lanka shruti says ma'am can we make notes yes shruti you must make notes it's absolutely necessary so that you can then refer to these notes later it's always very helpful to do that right yes please take out ta write your own notes okay you don't need to take out any notes you don't need to refer to the textbook right now but make notes while we are taking this session it will help you later on okay now what was the problem in sri lanka we understood that there were two major languages and different religions over here in sri lanka the problem was that there was conflict between the sinhala speaking population and the tamil speaking population right now wherever there are social groups or people who speak different languages who practice different religions there's always bound to be a little bit of conflict right it's about how we manage that conflict correct conflict is something that we can't change it's about how we approach that conflict how we manage that conflict now here in sri lanka this conflict started becoming a lot because the tamil speaking people felt that they were not being treated very well that there was differential treatment for the sinhala speaking majority okay so basically what happens over here in this country is this feeling was sort of accelerated uh because the government in sri lanka which was a democratically elected government they adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish sinhala supremacy in sri lanka okay before i go ahead and tell you what these measures are let us understand what is meant by the term majoritarianism correct yes we will be coming to the majoritarian measures let's just get into first what is majoritarianism majoritarianism is a belief that the majority community i forgot to change the slide i was getting so exciting about excited about teaching you forgot to change this life so what is majoritarianism majoritarianism is the belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants even if it means disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority that's what majoritarianism is okay now this is what the government in sri lanka believed in and that was what led to a lot of problems so this government over here they established a series of majoritarian measures that then led to further problems let us understand what these majoritarian measures were so number one in 1956 sinhala was declared as the only official language in sri lanka the only official language in sri lanka now just imagine just because they are the majority they've been declared as the only official language in sri lanka what about the people who speak other languages wouldn't the tabernacles feel left out well that's exactly what happened the tamils were not very happy with the situation apart from that there was a new constitution that stipulated that the state shall protect and foster buddhism now again we know that there were so many people of different religions over here you had the buddhists you had the hindus you had the muslims you had the christians naturally the other uh religious groups are going to feel bad about this right if only the interests of buddhism are being promoted over here so this also led to more conflict apart from that uh like an icing on the cake was that there was preferential treatment that was being given to sinhala speakers what does this mean that the government jobs and the well-paying jobs all these were reserved for the sinhala speaking people and the tamil people speaking people literally felt like they have no chance to get any of these jobs over here so obviously there was going to be a lot of anger about this right and this led to more conflict and growing tension between the sinhalese and the tamils in sri lanka so what happened over here now the sri lankan tamils from sri lanka they basically launched parties and they launched struggles why because they felt that the major political parties that were led by the buddhist inhaler leaders were very insensitive to their language and their culture so they were very very angry about this right apart from that they also felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights and they discriminated again against them now naturally if this sort of feeling is there and the government has taken measures to show that the majority uh sinhala people are more important to them naturally it's going to lead to a lot of anger right so what happened as a result of this the tamil speaking people over there they started demanding that they wanted recognition of tamil also as the official language they said why only sinhala we want recognition of tamil also it should be an official language right apart from this what else did they want naturally they wanted equality of uh opportunity and they wanted regional autonomy basically they wanted an area in sri lanka where they could basically govern themselves and they could rule and make the rules themselves that is what regional autonomy is right so this conflict kept increasing and by the 1980s there were several political organizations which were actually going ahead and the demanding for a separate tamil state or a separate tamil elam as it is called so what is the problem over here in the country of sri lanka itself you have one group of people that say we want regional autonomy we want this as our official language we want to be able to rule ourselves now remember this is all happening within a country right so what happened in sri lanka as a result of this tension was civil war okay uh prachi ma'am should i make sticky notes or handed notes patchy any sort of notes it really doesn't matter over here the important thing is you quickly scribble down what you're learning in the session because this will help you later all right okay i see a lot of people saying civil war ltte which is the liberation liberation of tigers of tamil elam all right you know the background anyway so basically as a result of all this tension there was civil war in sri lanka now what is civil war we know what a war is right generally we say that war is fought by with another country but here civil war was happening and civil war what is the difference between civil war and regular war civil war is a war that is happening between different social groups living in the same country so this war is not being fought with an outside country it's happening within the country itself where there are different social groups fighting with each other now the point is whether it's happening within the country or happening without you know outside the outside of the country war is never a great thing right and it leads to a lot of devastation and a lot of destruction irrespective of why it's happening or where it's happening and so was the case in sri lanka also thousands and thousands of people lost their lives right they were uh there was basically people from both the sinhala and the tamil communities they uh lost their lives i see a question over there sushmita says ma'am why would they call tamil like sri lanka tamil and indian tamil i just explained that sushmita sri lankan tamils were the tamils who are native to sri lanka means they were born over there only they're native to that country whereas the indian tamils are the ones who have come in from india right so actually their native land is india but now they're residing in sri lanka and that's the difference between the two sections okay now this civil war like i said thousands of people lost their lives so many people were forced to leave sri lanka their own country as refugees now this is not a pleasant situation this caused a major setback to the social cultural and economic uh situation in the country so as a result you could not have development over here and this war went on and finally ended in 2009. so as we see this is not a very pleasant situation sri lanka is a beautiful country but the situation that was happening here was obviously not a great situation right and with this we have finished the case study of sri lanka let us go ahead and let us talk about the case study of belgium let us understand what was happening in the country of belgium now belgium as we can see on the map has uh neighboring countries what are the neighboring countries over here you have france you have luxembourg you have germany and you have netherlands these are the countries that are neighboring uh belgium belgium is basically a country in europe and we have the capital city which is brussels okay now let's go ahead and understand a little bit more about uh belgium like i said belgium is a country in europe and it has borders with france netherlands germany and luxembourg belgium had a population of a little over then a little over one crore people right now in belgium were there also different social groups like we saw in sri lanka were there people speaking different languages well yes in belgium too there was an ethnic divide okay what do we mean by the term ethnic divide we mean that this is a social division based on shared culture where people of a particular group or the same ethnic group as we call it they believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or culture or both right so they feel united by language or by culture and basically common descent now it's very important to note over here that uh it is not necessary that people belonging to the same ethnic group should be of the same religion they could be different religions okay it is not even necessary that people belonging to the same ethnic group should belong to the same nationality right so this social division ethnic groups are more on the basis of language and culture now we know that there were ethnic different ethnic groups in belgium like they were in sri lanka let us understand what the population of belgium is divided into right okay now uh the population of belgium as i said was a little more than one crore people how was this population divided well you had 59 of these people who lived in the flanders or the flemish region and they were basically dutch speaking people right majority of the people over here were dutch speaking then you had 40 percent who lived in the bologna region of belgium and they were french-speaking right and you had approximately one percent of the people who lived in the east uh eastern region of bologna east of bologna and they basically were german speaking now what does this tell us over here what is the majority language being spoken all over belgium well the majority language obviously is dutch as we can see by these statistics over here right but it's very interesting i told you that belgium the capital city was brussels in the capital city of brussels we had an exactly opposite situation rest of belgium we had the dutch which was the majority right but in the capital city in brussels you had the french which were the majority which means we had 80 percent of the people who were speaking french and just 20 of those people who were speaking dutch so you see how the people have been divided across the country and what the different groups are in terms of languages now in terms of this also was there conflict or was there tension because of these different social groups and the languages that they were speaking well yes there was okay like i told you whenever there are different social groups there's bound to be conflict it's just about how we manage that conflict anyway to tell you why there was tension over here now we just established that the french-speaking people in all of belgium were basically a minority right we had more dutch-speaking people but in the capital city of brussels it was actually the french people who were financially and educationally much stronger as compared to the dutch speaking people and this of course led to a lot of problem and there was conflict between the two groups and basically this led to a widening of the gap between these two communities between the 1950s and the 1960s now think about it we've seen conflict happening in sri lanka we've seen conflict happening in um in belgium so what was the result of the conflict in sri lanka it led to civil war right but did the same thing happen in belgium because of the conflict well i'm happy to tell you that uh meena ma'am where did the german people live german people lived in the eastern part of bologna which is a region in belgium itself okay all right avajini says i love tarana mom's teaching thank you very much yes disha i'm coming to accommodation in belgium you are absolutely right there was no civil war in belgium in fact i'm very happy to tell you that belgium is a very peaceful and a very developed country so why in spite of the fact that there were so many social groups why was there no civil war why was there not that much conflict or the effects of conflict so devastating well that is because of the policies taken up by the government the government in belgium was believed in an accommodation policy and accommodation philosophy what does this mean accommodation basically means that over here the government wanted to take into account the benefits and the interests of all the communities all the social groups they wanted to include everyone in it didn't matter whether it was a majority or a minority so as a result of this belief what did they do they went ahead and made four constitutional amendments between 1970 and 1993 to accommodate the interests of all ethnic communities of belgium isn't that nice let's go ahead and see what these measures were okay so these measures that were taken by the government number one the number of dutch speaking and french-speaking ministers will be equal in the government that is what the constitution laid down and that is fabulous right because both groups were would feel represented and both groups interests would feel taken care of so this was a very good move apart from that there were some special laws that could be passed but these special laws mind you required the support of the majority members from each linguistic group now how smart is this which means for a special law to be passed this special law cannot be passed if any of the groups majority of any of the groups has a problem with it so when the special law is passed it needs the majority of both groups and then the special law is passed and then later on nobody can really complain about it because the fact is it's been passed with the majority of both so this i think is like a master stroke it's a very good move over here apart from that what else did they do uh linguistic group rishi is a different group speaking different languages okay linguistic comes from the word language so when we're talking about linguistic groups we're talking about different groups that speak different languages like in belgium for example belgium we have the different linguistic groups are people who speak french and the people who speak um speak what did i say dutch and the speaker people who speak german in sri lanka we had a linguistic groups were tamil people and the sinhala speaking people okay okay fine now what was the third measure over here the third measure here was a provision of a central and state government and the state government was not subordinate to the central government so again this is a very good move it had its own powers it has it had its own way of dealing with things right apart from this there was a separate government in brussels again with equal representation of both french and dutch people both french and dutch communities had an equal say over here because they were both represented so this is again very very good news for the people of belgium very very good news for all ethnic groups over here and to top it all off you know what the government of belgium did well yes i'm coming to that atisha there was also a community government neo says ma'am not subordinate means subordinate means uh not under it is not lesser than okay uh there was central government and state government but it's not that one is more powerful than the other that's basically what it means okay now they also establish community government in belgium community government is basically elected by people belonging to one language community so you could have a community government selected by the dutch people french people or german speaking people irrespective of where they lived which means you could have a dutch speaking person who instead of living in flanders is living in wallonia but he had absolute right to vote for the community government of his choice and then you have the supposing you have a french person's uh french-speaking people in the area of flanders still it doesn't matter the geography doesn't matter they have the right to vote for this community government and the community government what does it do the community government has the power regarding cultural educational and language related issues and we know that these sort of issues definitely will arise when you have different sort of social groups living over there so this community government was actually set up specifically for this purpose and i think that is brilliant and as a result of this belgium is a peaceful and developed country and with this we have ended the case study of belgium now what a marked difference between what we saw in sri lanka and what we saw in belgium isn't it interesting right so now i think it very clearly explains to us our next sub topic which is why is power sharing desirable obviously we've taken a look at both the situations and we know that power sharing is so very important in sri lanka there were social divides or different social groups but there was a civil war there was no power sharing over there whereas in belgium there was no civil war it's a peaceful country it's a developed country why because of power sharing power sharing is so very important right so power sharing is desirable because number one it is a prudential decision what is the meaning of prudential prudential basically means uh uh we had a seven percent percentage of christians in sri lanka rishi when you go back you can go back and attend the session again you will find that it's written on the ppt okay yes this potential and moral reason what is the meaning of the word prudential prudential basically means it's a smart decision or it's a wise decision because if you have power sharing in a country then this reduces the chances of conflict between social groups because all social groups are happy over here so isn't that a smart thing to do it is prudential like exactly what we saw in belgium the government was smart they followed accommodation and as a result they they had power sharing and as a result they basically reduced the possibility of conflict which was not the case in sri lanka where there was no power sharing apart from that it is a more there is a moral aspect also the moral aspect is that a legitimate government is actually one in which all citizens can participate and acquire a stake in the system irrespective of what social group that they belong to right this is the right decision to make so in this case also power sharing is definitely a good thing right okay ma'am can you repeat what is prudential version he says prudential is basically the word prudential means smart or wise right uh potential it's a smart or a wise decision because um it when you have power sharing it basically reduces conflict and it reduces reduce reduces the tension because each group feels like they are represented okay now let us move on to our last topic so we've discussed the case studies of sri lanka and belgium we've understood through the case studies why power sharing is desirable now we're going to talk about the different forms of power sharing and this is quite easy yes vertical says decision by wisdom actually absolutely right okay so uh the first the the basically the four division four types of power sharing is number one horizontal division of power number two vertical division of power number three division of power between different social groups and number four power sharing arrangement among political parties pressure groups and movements i will quickly explain each of these all right so let's talk about the first thing which is horizontal division of power what does this mean this means as you can see from the image over here that power is distributed between different organs of the government okay so power is divided or distributed amongst different organs of the government such as the legislature the executive and the judiciary now this is very good because it allows different organs of the government which are placed at the same level to exercise different powers which means each of these different organs of government whether it is the legislature whether it is the executive or whether it is the judiciary has their own powers and not no organ of government is subordinate to the other or no other no organ of government is more powerful than the other no organ of government has unlimited powers why because they can all check each other's work so for example you have the executive okay the executive which is basically your ministers and the cabinet they are answerable to the legislature okay the uh judiciary actually the judges are appointed by the executive right so in that sense the judiciary is answerable to the executive apart from this the judiciary can definitely if it finds that anything that the legislature and the executive are doing that is unconstitutional the the judiciary can actually you know sort of do away with that law so you see no organ can become more powerful than the other they can all check each other and check the actions and this is why this sort of system is called a system or an arrangement of checks and balances yes organs of the power or government equal distribution enhances the system of checks and balances absolutely right uh disha uh it is called horizontal distribution prachi because they are all at the same level i just explained nothing is more important than the other no no organ has more power than the other so when you're talking about the legislature the executive and the judiciary they're all at the same level and that's what makes them horizontal let me move a little bit away so you can see exactly what i've said that's what it means as by horizontal okay let's move ahead let's talk about the second division of power the second one that we're going to be talking about is uh vertical division of power right vertical division of power is basically division of power in a vertical manner first was horizontal this is vertical which means you have the power divided as we can see in the image into the central government the state government and the local governments right so once again i'm repeating vertical division of power is power shared amongst government at different levels so it's vertical and here we are talking about the center which is all of the country we're talking about the state which is the different states and we're talking about the local levels which we know is the panchayat level of the municipal bodies and this is how the power is distributed now in india there are different levels of government as we know and the constitution very clearly lays down the powers of each of these levels of government and this is why it is called a federal system of government uh but a federal division of power but i'm not going to be discussing or going into too much detail as far as federal division of power is concerned we will be discussing uh federalism a little later into the term okay now let's talk about the third uh form of power sharing the first third form of power sharing is power sharing amongst different social groups where each group basically has the the opportunity to come to power so for example you could have a different religious or different linguistic groups now when we spoke about belgium we spoke about a community government over there right so this is an example of power sharing amongst different social groups right also if you take a country like india india also has power sharing amongst different social groups how because we have reserve constituencies and assemblies so for example if you take our parliament okay we got reserved seats over there like for example we have 84 seats reserved for the scheduled cars 47 seats reserved for the scheduled tribe so each of these social groups represented in government and this is what power sharing amongst different social groups is and with this we move on to our last form of power sharing which is power sharing among political parties pressure groups and movements right so what does this mean this means that power sharing over here is very interesting the people the political parties the pressure groups all the movements have the power to influence those who are in power so basically they can influence the government right to change their actions if they feel that the government is doing something wrong but by sheer pressure in terms of movements or in terms of pressure groups they can actually change what the government is doing and form a check on the government okay power sharing in this way can also be seen in terms of coalition governments now what are coalition governments coalition governments are is when you don't have a clear majority no one political party has a clear majority so what happens in such a case you have different political parties who are coming together to form the government right and so all political parties have their own different ideologies or their own different interests right so if you see with the coming together of all these political parties you're actually representing all the different interests or all the different ideologies and this is power sharing between uh different political parties also okay and with this it's very interesting it's been so fast and so smooth we have actually finished this chapter we finished all our sub topics we spoke about the case studies of sri lanka in belgium we understood what was happening in both countries we understood through these case studies why power sharing is desirable and we've just finished with the third sub topic which is different forms of power sharing where we have discussed four forms of power sharing now i hope all of you have been taking notes okay because you will find like i keep saying that uh amrita says ma'am i have a doubt is vertical sharing of power subordinate not really amrita because again the central government state governments and the local governments the constitution has clearly really done rules or the powers of jurisdiction right so it's very clearly defined right just because one is talking about the country one is talking about the state and one is talking about the uh you know the local level doesn't mean that it's subordinate there are clear rules and regulations and powers and this is done so that it makes it easier to govern such a large country as as india because it's not possible for just the central government to be taking care of all the areas right or all just the state government to be taking care of all the various districts and the local level also so this is a beautiful system no it's not subordinate okay now like i said we finished the chapter i hope you've been taking notes i'm very excited like i said to be with you here today we've kick-started this year with an amazing chapter and uh we have lots more in store for you so i would please make it a point to attend all the classes over here because in terms of your syllabus by juice has you covered we covered the syllabus last year we're going to do the same this year and this year is even more exciting because we have lots of time on our hands and we have the time to practice we have the time to learn and so we will if you attend these classes regularly then you will find that your learning becomes much much easier and you will be able to ace your exams very very well so please take advantage of the classes that we have over here we have a lot of free classes that we have you will find the link in the description box so go ahead please attend these classes let us be there for you please this is so very important we love to be there for you right but you need to take advantage of what we are putting out for you so to take advantage of this please like and subscribe to our baiju's 9 to 10 channel and uh tell your family tell your friends uh who whoever is in the 9th and 10th channel you can you know subscribe to this channel if you have lower grades in your family or in terms of your siblings ask them to subscribe to our 6 to 8 channel because from 6 to 10 we have you completely covered uh so please attend our sessions we really look forward to seeing more of you and i look forward to interacting with all of you throughout the year okay so that's it from me today a very very big thank you and i will see you in the next session bye bye