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Describe the sequence of steps in the inflammatory process.
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Recognition of the offending agent, recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins, removal of the agent, regulation of response, and repair of tissue.
What role do macrophages play in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages are involved in sustained phagocytosis and the release of cytokines, which contribute to ongoing inflammation and tissue destruction.
What conditions are associated with granulomatous inflammation?
Conditions like tuberculosis and sarcoidosis are associated with granulomatous inflammation, characterized by aggregates of macrophages.
Describe the process and steps involved in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation.
Leukocyte recruitment involves margination and rolling, adhesion to endothelium, transmigration through vessel walls, and chemotaxis toward the injury site.
What factors can cause chronic inflammation?
Chronic inflammation can be caused by persistent infections, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, and autoimmune diseases.
What are hypertrophic scars and keloids and how are they formed?
Hypertrophic scars and keloids are types of excessive scar formation due to overproduction of collagen during wound healing.
What distinguishes contractures in abnormal wound healing?
Contractures involve excessive wound contraction leading to deformation and restricted movement, often occurring after deep burns.
Explain the significance of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation.
Increased vascular permeability allows leukocytes and plasma proteins to exit the bloodstream and enter the site of injury, facilitating the immune response.
What are the systemic effects of inflammation?
Systemic effects include fever, leukocytosis, and increased production of acute phase proteins like CRP and SAA.
How does the body regulate the inflammatory response to prevent excessive tissue damage?
Regulation is achieved via anti-inflammatory mediators that dampen the response once the offending agent is cleared, preventing overreaction.
What are the potential outcomes of unresolved inflammation?
Potential outcomes include resolution, fibrosis (scar formation), or progression to chronic inflammation.
Differentiate between the healing by first intention and second intention.
First intention involves healing of clean, approximated wounds, whereas second intention involves healing of large wounds with tissue deficits, often resulting in scar formation.
How do tissue necrosis and infection contribute to inflammation?
Tissue necrosis, due to events like infarction, and infections (bacterial, viral etc.), trigger the inflammatory response to eliminate dead tissue and pathogens.
Identify the cardinal signs of inflammation and their physiological causes.
Redness (increased blood flow), swelling (fluid exudation), heat (increased blood flow and mediators), pain (stretching of receptors and chemicals), and loss of function (tissue disruption).
What is the primary difference in cell types involved between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation primarily involves neutrophils while chronic inflammation involves monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
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