hello welcome to biology 132 mini lecture number 19 so we just finished talking about um different shapes different parts of the anatomy of a protest the diversity and so now we're going to actually talk about that diversity itself and look at different groups of protests so by the end of this we'll be able to describe some organisms from each of the six recognized supergroups of ukar identify evolutionary relationship ships of plants animals and fungi within the super groups we did that with a slide uh before on the last mini lecture and so you can go back and review that um and review that figure out of your book going to identify defining characteristics of produce within each of the six Super groups so let's start and again see figure 23.9 um to look at that and you probably should study that pretty well that'll help you just to keep those super group straight um looking at this this is a perfect opportunity to to talk about the flash card idea um and I know a lots of times I'll send links to articles about free flashcard apps um but don't be afraid to use the old school note card um pretty handy you don't need power you just just have them whenever okay so the first group and if I were doing this in a flash card I would write arip plasta on the front and then on the back I might write a few facts I might write red and green algae and plants fit in this group um you know the descendants being heterotrophic protus and cyanobacterium yeah okay but I would focus on the red and green algae and PL just to let me know who is in that group archip plasa um and then I might also throw in the alteration of generations in here but we're going to talk about that ad nauseum in the plant group um so probably okay leaving that off um so on that let's talk about alternation Generations so this means that there are two different Generations within the life cycle one is a spofy which is diploid and one is a gapy which is haid so diploid being 2 N haid being simply n um holid our gamt so sperm and egg and and mammals um are haid cells and you know that two haid cells come together form a diploid zygote right and then that diploid zygote has half the genetic information from the sperm and half from the egg right so there we know that's that's hpid so the gofy in this alternation of generations is the hpid stage and the sporo is the diploid stage right and again we're going to review this a lot during the plants and some in the fungi So within this we have glycophytes so we have chloroplast retain the cell wall of the cyanobacterium we have red algae red algae is used to make augur important uh especially if we're doing inperson Labs where we're culturing bacteria and so on we're using an augur substrate augur AER so that comes from red algae red algae I believe is also a smoothing agent in things like ice cream in in times past and there's green algae which is the most abundant green algae then is divided into the chop phyes and chlorophytes and again if I saw something subdivided in this and I already talked about it on the last mini lecture when we looked at this structure I'm throw this in a flash card as well just knowing that charites and chlorites are subgroups of green algae so the charites are the closest living relatives to land plants and the chlorites then are are F in freshwater and damp soil and things like volvox or sea lettuce the amiba zoa the amoeba zoa contain the gyom so things like amoeba Proteus live in there and a slime mold slime molds are similar to fungi um a little bit over there they're plasmodial large multi- nucleate cells they make a netlike feeding structure and and if you want to look this up online um they've been able to use slime molds to map or or solve mazes and sometimes they can do things like I think it was a model of the subway system in in uh Tokyo or or one city in Asia that that the slime molds were able to solve it's kind of cool so slime molds have fun names like dog vomit that's bright yellow we'll see a picture of that in a minute and so those are the plasmodial slime molds they can also be cellular where they have independent cells in good conditions and then they come together in poor conditions and and make kind of a little uh Colonial structure and we'll see that in a in the next slide theoc Conta so these have a single posterior flagellum and within this group are the chano felet so here is a plasmodial slime mold um here's the feeding plasmodium called dog vomit um looks kind of I don't know yellowy dog vomity I guess be really worried if my dog vomit vomited something like that but any who we'll move on so this is our feeding plasmodium become a mature plasmodium to the sporangia form it makes this little sporangium with on a stock and here's the little spores here we see meosis so we know we're going from diploid to hpid and we're releasing the hpid spores hpid spores then germinate give rise to little cells that can move around they can be felid or amid these cells then come together by Fusion to create a zygo which is diploid and we see mitosis and we end up with a cell multinucleate mass in the plasmodium so multinucleate they don't undergo cyto Kinesis so remember your phases of Tois and leave off that last one um and so they're not truly dividing and so they end up with this multi nucleate cell or group of cell um the colonial felet then just an image here lots of individual felet Al together okay we know that chloroplast are derived from secondary endosymbiosis we talked about that already in the last mini lecture and so the group that we see that in is the riseria so that might be an interesting note to put on a flash card but also the fact that the finein the radial Ain and the circaz are reran um risian then have tests so you can say a test is analogous to a shell but it can be composed of different compounds we normally think of shells as being calcium carbonate these can be silicon um or other forms of carbon and so these tests become crucial to the carbon cycle and so what they do is they're locking away carbon and dropping to the bottom in this hard structure in the ocean for amerin then are heterotrophic they have porous tests and some can be photosynthetic alga or have symbiosis with photosynthetic algaes the radial Ain a glassy silica shell um so their test would be that that silicon oxide circaz then don't have a shell or they do have a shell so they can be naked or not they're photo there's photo some that are photosynthetic and those that are photosynthetic have undergone that secondary endosymbiosis to photosynthesize so here is a riseria species see the threadlike pseudopodia the next group The Chromo vilada um so the engulf photosynthetic red algae within this there's the Alvada within the Alvada there are dellet these are photosynthetic heterotrophic mixotrophic bioluminescent and cause things like red tidde so if you're an Alabama fan Crimson Tide here it is uh the red tide is a an eruption of dellet um in certain conditions and it kills everything in its path uh so there you go so the next group are the appic complexins they're are parasitic um a example of this would be something like malaria causing plasmodium so plasmodium is the protest that's causing malaria and AEL it's things like parium so we can see the chrom alada are pretty pretty diverse so the Alvada itself you should kind of know what's in that um as well as the stropes so these are things like datom Silicon oxide shells that are really really cool and they they can be photosynthetic brown algae so we talked about giant kelp at the beginning of the Proto section so this is a marine multicellular algae it's not actually a plant um and that is there a giant kelp and oh my CDs um which is considered kind of a an egg type fungus these are parasitic or they're saps so looking at some dellet here they are diversity in shape they have this kind of armor and then they have this little lella and here they are Biol luminescing some of the dino felet as a wave breaks um so this in New Jersey and that that's pretty cool if you you've ever been in a marine environment and seen the bioluminescent that's pretty cool and the excavat is our next group I'm important group because they cause disease so many excavates are disease-causing organisms however they can be photos synthetic or heterotrophs they tend to be asymmetrical and they have a feeding Groove down the middle hence the excava right so a little feeding Groove down the middle different groups here the diplomats diplomonads sorry these are anerobic and they're characterized by two hpid nuclei we're going to see examples of those because some these are giard and I'll save the discussion for Gard is life cycle in its importance for a minute the parabasalids um examples tronus vaginalis um trigonous gallin and Birds um which in so those cause both diseases other parabasalids inhabit the rumin um of a termite or the termite gut and then you gleno so you gleno these are are parasites they can be heterotrophs autotrophs or mixotrophs so the simple one is ugina which is a mixat trro so Mixr meaning it can feed on something or if you've seen ugina you know it's green and it can photosynthesize little bit so here's an example of some of the the parids so here's the excava this is Gardia lambla right it has the two nuclei and it's got that feeding Groove down the middle I always think this one looks like a little face and then it's got several fella so Giardia uh cause um SP diarrhea and cramping so Backpackers um or people who spend time in the back country and drink some contaminated water uh maybe 7 to 10 days after consumption will have really bad diarrhea normally it resolves itself it can be really really devastating and it could be easily treated with something called flag um you can imagine which kills felet here is uh trios vaginalis you see much the same size that Groove and it has the little fella and here's a different micrograph of G lamba um again there's this nuclei can't quite see the feeding group on this one and finally here is trapano soma so our last group so this is trapan brui um brui uh this calls African sleeping sickness and it's got two stages so here is our asexual reproduction stage within the human and then it goes into a set fly um and a mo um it actually divides again then it becomes an infective stage and multiplies again and goes into the the human with the fly bite right this can cause severe disease okay so that's it for the groups of protus again this is a really good spot to be using your no cards um to go ahead and learn those super groups within the UK carots and with that we'll end and I will see you in the next mini lecture