APUSH Period 4 Review (1800-1848)

Big Ideas

• Evolution of federal and state government roles and relationships.
• Rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.
• Increase in sectionalism (ongoing issue).
• Extension of Democratic rights and struggle to define democratic ideals.
• Various reform movements aiming to change American society.

Territorial Expansion

• Population Shifts: Movement from Atlantic Seaboard (1790) to the West (1830).
  • Natural population growth and immigration (Irish, Germans, English).
  • Transportation improvements: Canals, National Road, Railroads.
• Economic & Agricultural Expansion:
  • Cotton gin invention increases cotton production and slavery.
  • Expansion into Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri.
• Foreign Territory Deals:
  • Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubles US size.
  • War of 1812 and Treaty of Ghent.
  • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) - acquisition of Florida from Spain.

Native American Land Loss

• Notable battles and events:
  • Battle of Tippecanoe (1811).
  • First Seminole War (1816-1818).
  • Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears.

Foreign Policy and War of 1812

• US attempts at neutrality during Napoleonic Wars.
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807), Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act.
• War of 1812 reasons: Impressment, National Honor, British forts, territorial expansion.
• Treaties & Agreements:
  • Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) & British-American Convention (1818).
  • Monroe Doctrine (1823) - Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere.

Rise of Nationalism

• Cultural Nationalism:
  • Hudson River School, Audubon’s studies.
• Economic Nationalism:
  • American System by Henry Clay: Second Bank, protective tariff, transport improvements.
• Political Nationalism:
  • Era of Good Feelings: One-party system (Democratic-Republicans).

Political Developments

• Era of the Common Man: Expanding voter rights for white men.
• Political Tensions:
  • Election of 1800 - peaceful transfer of power to Jefferson.
  • Election of 1824 - Corrupt Bargain.
• Two-Party System:
  • Rise of Democrats vs. Whigs.

Social and Cultural Changes

• Women's Roles:
  • Cult of Domesticity and Republican Motherhood.
  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - women's rights.
• African Americans:
  • Pro-slavery arguments, exclusion from national culture.
  • Free black populations with severe restrictions.

Sectionalism

• Regional Differences:
  • North (manufacturing) vs. South (agriculture, slavery).
  • Economic reliance between North and South.
• State vs. Federal Government Resistance:
  • Examples: Hartford Convention (1814), Nullification Crisis (1828-1832).
• Key Issues:
  • Missouri Compromise (1820), National Bank debate, tariffs.

Supreme Court Decisions

• John Marshall strengthens federal government power.
  • Marbury vs. Madison, McCulloch vs. Maryland, Gibbons vs. Ogden.

Social Reform Movements

• Second Great Awakening: Religious revivalism and conversions.
• Reform Movements:
  • Temperance, prison reform, abolition, women's rights.
  • Education reforms by Horace Mann.
• Utopian Societies: Mormons, Shakers, Brook Farm.

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• Additional Notes: This period marked significant growth and change in American society, with ongoing challenges around issues of democracy, equality, and federal versus state power.