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What hormone is primarily associated with the onset of morning sickness during pregnancy?
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Which hormone's levels peak and then decrease after 12-16 weeks, correlating with a reduction in morning sickness?
HCG
How does the expanding uterus affect surrounding organs?
It pushes intestines anteriorly and superiorly, and shifts other organs like the liver and gallbladder upward.
What changes in taste perception might pregnant women experience, and which hormone influences this?
A metallic or bitter taste influenced by estradiol.
Which hormone and its metabolite are involved in causing fatigue during pregnancy?
Progesterone and allopregnanolone
Name two hormones mentioned that might also contribute to morning sickness other than HCG.
Progesterone and estradiol.
Describe one way the liver's position changes during pregnancy.
The liver shifts upward, affecting the diaphragm and lungs.
What anatomical change may contribute to acid reflux in pregnant women?
The elevation and transition of the stomach to a horizontal position.
Name a severe form of morning sickness that can cause significant symptoms.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Why is it hypothesized that morning sickness might be an evolutionary advantage?
It may protect the embryo by making mothers more selective with food.
What happens to the heart's position during pregnancy?
It shifts anteriorly, increasing its proximity to the sternum.
What is used to track the progress of pregnancy concerning the uterus?
The fundus.
How do the lungs accommodate the growing uterus during pregnancy?
The ribs flare out to allow space for breathing despite lung compression.
How does allopregnanolone contribute to fatigue in pregnant women?
It increases responsiveness to GABA, leading to drowsiness.
At what point in the pregnancy do fatigue symptoms typically lessen?
Fatigue often ends in the second trimester but can return in the third trimester.
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