BIO 181 Study Guide for Exam 4 Fall 2021

Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction

General Functions of Cell Division

• Growth
• Repair
• Reproduction

Binary Fission

• Steps involved in the division of prokaryotic cells

DNA Structure

• DNA, chromatin, chromosomes
• Definitions: Histones, Scaffolding proteins, Centromere, Kinetochore

Spindle Fibers

• Structure and function

Chromosome Numbers

• Haploid vs. diploid states

Mitosis

Functions

• Growth
• Repair
• Maintenance of genetic integrity

Phases of the Cell Cycle

• G1, S, G2, Mitotic phase

Interphase

• Stages and functions

Mitotic Phase

• Stages and major events

Identifying Mitotic Stages

• Characteristics of each stage

Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis

• Differences
• Cytokinesis in plants vs. animals

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

• Growth factors, density-dependent inhibition, anchorage-dependent inhibition
• Cell cycle checkpoints
• G0 phase

Cyclins and CDKs

• Role in cell cycle regulation

Cancer

• Caused by unregulated cell division
• Benign vs. malignant tumors
• Chemotherapy: function and side effects

Chapter 11: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis

• Function
• Homologous chromosomes

Haploid and Diploid

• Importance of haploid gametes

Stages of Meiosis I & II

• Important events in each stage

Synapsis and Crossing Over

• Importance for genetic diversity

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

• Comparisons

Chapter 12: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity

Basic Principles

• Alleles, genes, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive

Genotype vs. Phenotype

• Definitions and differences

Gregor Mendel

• Contributions to genetics

Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment

• Biological basis and exceptions

Generations

• P, F1, F2

Punnett Squares

• Construction and interpretation

Incomplete Dominance and Co-dominance

• Differences and examples (ABO blood type)

Pleiotropy and Polygenic Traits

• Definitions and effects

Gene Interactions

• Epistasis and environmental effects

Epigenetics

• Overview

Chapter 13: Modern Understandings of Inheritance

Linked Genes

• Detection and significance

Dihybrid Cross

• Procedures and phenotypic ratios

Sex Chromosomes

• Mammalian and other forms of sex determination

Sex-linked Traits

• Inheritance patterns and implications

X-Chromosome Inactivation

• Phenotypic effects

Tortoiseshell Cats

• Mechanism and gender occurrence

Sex-linked Diseases

• Transmission through carriers

Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

Non-disjunction and Aneuploidy

• Causes and examples (e.g., Down Syndrome)

Karyotype Reading

• Identifying sex and abnormalities

Chromosomal Mutations

• Inversions, deletions, duplications, translocations