Notes on C++ Programming Lecture

Introduction

• The lecture covers various aspects of C++ programming, including basic concepts, syntax, data types, and object-oriented programming.

Learning C++

• C++ is a fast language used in advanced graphics applications, embedded systems, and video games.
• It is a middle-level language, providing a balance between high-level and low-level programming.

Getting Started with C++

• You need a text editor (e.g., Visual Studio Code) and a compiler (e.g., GCC, Clang) to start programming in C++.

Writing Your First Program

• Use include <iostream> for input/output operations.
• Main function is where the program begins. Basic syntax:

  int main() {
      // code
      return 0;
  }
  

• Use std::cout for output and std::cin for input.

Variables and Data Types

• Variables are used to store data and can be declared with types like int, double, char, boolean, and string.
• Example of declaring a variable:

  int x = 5;
  double price = 10.99;
  

Operators

• Arithmetic operators include +, -, *, /, and % (modulus).
• Logical operators include && (and), || (or), and ! (not).

Control Structures

• Use if, else if, and else for conditional statements.
• Switch statements can be used for multiple conditions based on a single variable.

Functions

• Functions are reusable code blocks. Syntax:

  returnType functionName(parameters) {
      // code
  }
  

• Return type can be int, void, etc.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• C++ supports OOP principles such as classes and objects.
• Classes are blueprints for creating objects and can contain attributes (variables) and methods (functions).
• Example:

  class Car {
      public:
          string make;
          string model;
          void drive() { /* code */ }
  };
  

Inheritance

• Inheritance allows a class (child class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (parent class).
• Syntax:

  class Child : public Parent {
      // child class code
  };
  

Pointers

• Pointers store memory addresses of other variables. Use * to declare a pointer and & to get the address of a variable.
• Example:

  int* ptr = &x;
  

Memory Management

• Dynamic memory allocation is done using the new operator and should be freed with delete.
• Example:

  int* array = new int[size];
  delete[] array;
  

Structs and Enums

• Structs are used to group related variables under one name.
• Enums are user-defined data types consisting of named integer constants.

Summary

• The lecture covers key concepts of C++ programming, including variables, control structures, functions, OOP, inheritance, pointers, dynamic memory, structs, and enums.
• Practice and application of these concepts are important for understanding C++.