Sociology as a Science

Introduction

• Sociology is a type of science, focusing on the social world rather than the physical, natural world.
• Utilizes scientific principles and methods like the scientific method, empirical data, and graphs.

Scientific Method in Sociology

• Systematic observation to gain knowledge.
• Involves developing a testable theory and gathering empirical evidence.
• Rooted in Positivism by Auguste Comte:
  • Positivism emphasizes studying phenomena through direct observation.
  • Positive theory: objective and fact-based.
  • Normative theory: subjective and value-based.

Types of Sociological Inquiry

1. Positivist Sociology

   • Study of society based on systematic observations of social behavior.
   • Researchers should remain neutral and rely on empirical evidence.
   • Data Types:
     • Quantitative Data: Uses mathematical/statistical methods.
       • Descriptive data (e.g., household income distribution in the US).
       • Important measures include median and mean.
       • Example: The difference between mean and median due to high incomes in the 1%.
     • Qualitative Data: Non-numerical information, seeks to illustrate or characterize (e.g., marriage decisions).

2. Challenges and Limitations

   • Not all social phenomena fit observable/measurable categories.
   • Human behavior is unpredictable and hard to study in controlled environments.
   • Hawthorne Effect: Observers influence participant behavior.

3. Interpretive Sociology

   • Focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.
   • Studies why behaviors occur and how people perceive their actions.
   • Utilizes interviews and face-to-face interactions rather than quantitative data.

4. Critical Sociology

   • Focuses on the need for social change.
   • Values and subjectivity can be part of research.
   • Originated from desires to understand moral and political questions.
   • Example: Jane Addams and the Hull House, studying and addressing poverty.

Conclusion

• Sociology uses various methods to study the social world.
• Discussed positivist, interpretive, and critical sociology.
• Next steps involve learning how sociologists conduct research.

Additional Information

• Crash Course Sociology is supported by Patreon and produced in Missoula, Montana.
• The series invites viewers to support through Patreon to keep it free for everyone.