Study of Carbon Compounds: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds.
Millions of Compounds: There are millions of organic compounds.
Origins: Derived from living organisms.
Electrons and Bonding
Outermost Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell are involved in bonding.
Functional Groups
Importance: Key to understanding properties and reactions of organic compounds.
Examples:
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Amines
Isocyanates
IUPAC Nomenclature Rules
Longest Chain: Identify the longest carbon chain in the molecule.
Substituent Positioning: Number the chain such that substituents get the lowest possible numbers.
Multiple Functional Groups: Use prefixes/suffixes to denote functional groups; prioritize based on IUPAC rules.
Hybridization
Definition: Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.
Types:
sp3 hybridization
sp2 hybridization
Sigma Bonds: Formed by head-on overlapping of orbitals.
Carbon Classification
Primary Carbon (1°): Attached to one other carbon.
Secondary Carbon (2°): Attached to two other carbons.
Tertiary Carbon (3°): Attached to three other carbons.
Example: Primary alcohols have the hydroxyl group (-OH) on a primary carbon.
Free Radicals
Definition: Species with unpaired electrons.
Electron Effects
Inductive Effect: Transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule by electrostatic induction.
Resonance: Delocalization of π-electrons in a molecule.
Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
Nucleophiles: Species that donate an electron pair (e.g., Cl⁻, Br⁻).
Electrophiles: Species that accept an electron pair.
Alpha, Beta, Gamma Carbons
Alpha Carbon: Carbon adjacent to a functional group.
Beta and Gamma Carbons: Subsequent carbons in the chain.
Reactions
Dehydration: Removal of water (e.g., catalyzed by ZnCl₂, KHSO₄).
Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen.
Halogenation: Addition of halogens (Cl, Br, I).
Oxidation and Reduction:
Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen (e.g., CrO₃, PCC).
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen (e.g., lithium aluminium hydride).
Summary
Understanding organic chemistry requires knowledge of bonding, functional groups, nomenclature, and different types of reactions and classifications related to carbon and its compounds.