Lecture Notes: Insulin and Glucagon - Regulation of Metabolism

Introduction

• Speaker: Arando Huran
• Topics: Insulin and glucagon, peptide hormones
• Purpose: Regulation of metabolism, blood glucose levels, proteins and lipids

Pancreas Overview

• Location: Below the stomach, near the duodenum (first part of the small intestines)
• Functions:
  • Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
  • Secretes two hormones: insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

Role of Insulin and Glucagon

• Insulin:
  • Promotes uptake and reabsorption of macromolecules
  • Regulates blood glucose levels and metabolism
• Glucagon:
  • Promotes breakdown of macromolecules
  • Also involved in metabolism regulation
• Homeostasis: Both hormones work to maintain homeostatic conditions of metabolism

Pancreatic Structures and Cells

• Pancreatic Acini: Exocrine cells synthesizing and secreting digestive enzymes
• Bloodstream: Surrounds this area

Islets of Langerhans

• Clusters of hormone-producing cells
• Types of cells:
  • Alpha Cells:
    • Secrete glucagon
    • Make up 25% of cells
  • Beta Cells:
    • Secrete insulin and amylin
    • Make up 60% of cells
    • Amylin: Slows gastric emptying
  • Delta Cells:
    • Secrete somatostatin
    • Regulates other pancreatic hormones
    • Make up 10% of cells

Functions of Hormones

• Insulin and Amylin:
  • Insulin: Major role in metabolism; regulates macromolecules
  • Amylin: Slows down gastric emptying
• Glucagon:
  • Regulates the breakdown of macromolecules
  • Works opposite to insulin

Additional Resources

• Suggested Actions: Click on links to learn more about glucagon and insulin roles in metabolism.

Conclusion

• Insulin and glucagon are essential in maintaining metabolic balance.
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