Lecture Notes: Egyptian Art and Kingship

Consistency in Egyptian Sculptures

• Egyptian funerary sculptures of kings are consistent, maintaining tradition across thousands of years.
• Pharaohs' images are standardized to embody Egyptian gods, often depicted with the god Horus.
• Egyptian art reflects the cyclical nature of their culture, emphasizing tradition over individuality.

Pharaohs vs. Commoners

• Commoners' funerary statues depict a more realistic likeness, showing personality and life.
• Commoners are portrayed as individuals, unlike the standardized images of Pharaohs.

Unique Cases and Innovations

Hatshepsut

• Female Pharaoh depicted in the traditional male king style to maintain her status and protect her son.
• Most of her sculptures were destroyed after her reign.

Ramesses II (Ramses the Great)

• Known for his monumental statues and temples, including Abu Simbel.
• Abu Simbel was relocated in the 1960s due to the construction of the Aswan Dam.

Akhenaten and Amarna Art

• Akhenaten introduced monotheism, worshiping Aten, the sun god.
• Art during Akhenaten’s reign was more realistic and less standardized.
• Akhenaten’s sculptures depict possible genetic conditions or symbolic androgyny.
• Queen Nefertiti’s bust is a notable example of Amarna art, showing detailed realism.

Return to Polytheism

• After Akhenaten, Egypt returned to polytheism and traditional art styles.
• Karnak Temple complex is a major example of polytheistic devotion.

Tutankhamun

• Known for his intact tomb, which provided insights into ancient Egyptian burial practices.
• His artifacts, like the golden throne, blend traditional and Amarna art styles.
• King Tut’s burial was rushed, leading to incomplete mummification processes.
• Tutankhamun’s genetic defects highlight issues of royal inbreeding.

Key Artifacts and Architecture

• Statues and temples reflect the power and divine association of the Pharaohs.
• Hypostyle Hall at Karnak is a significant architectural achievement.
• King Tut's sarcophagus and mask are iconic, showcasing Egyptian burial artistry.

Conclusion

• Egyptian art reflects their deep religious beliefs and societal structures.
• The balance between tradition and change is evident across different reigns and dynasties.