Immanuel Kant: Key philosopher in deontological ethics
Focuses on duty, moral laws, and the categorical imperative
Key Concepts
Deontological Ethics:
Ethics based on rules and duty
Actions are morally right due to their nature, not consequences
Categorical Imperative:
Central philosophical concept in Kant's moral philosophy
A universal moral law that applies to all rational beings
Formulated in several ways, including:
Formula of Universality: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
Formula of Humanity: Treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.
Kant's Moral Philosophy
Emphasis on rationality and autonomy
Moral actions are dictated by rational choice
Importance of intentions over outcomes
Good will is the only thing that is good without qualification
Duty and Moral Law
Duty:
A necessity to act in accordance with moral law
Actions have moral worth only when performed out of duty
Moral Law:
Grounded in rational principles, not empirical consequences
Independent of personal desires and inclinations
Application of Kantian Ethics
Moral Decision Making:
Involves adherence to universal laws
Requires impartiality and consistency
Challenges:
Rigid structure may not account for complex ethical dilemmas
Difficulty in applying to situations requiring empathy or emotional understanding
Criticisms of Kantian Ethics
Seen as too abstract and demanding
May lack practical applicability in real-world scenarios
Questions about dealing with conflicting duties
Conclusion
Kant’s ethics remains a foundational element in the study of moral philosophy
Offers a framework centered on duty and rationality
Influential in the development of modern ethical thought