Overview
This lecture review covers family-centered care, child development stages, key pediatric nursing interventions, and the recognition and management of oxygenation and perfusion disorders in children.
Family Centered Care & Communication
- Incorporate family preferences, cultural values, and needs into care plans through open communication and collaboration.
- Use respectful, non-judgmental language and provide clear, honest information to families.
- Build rapport by tailoring communication to the child's developmental stage and involving parents.
Child Growth, Development, & Nursing Interventions
- Know major theories: Erikson (psychosocial stages) and Piaget (cognitive stages) with related milestones.
- Key Erikson stages: Trust vs Mistrust (infant), Autonomy vs Shame (toddler), Initiative vs Guilt (preschooler), Industry vs Inferiority (school-age), Identity vs Role Confusion (adolescent).
- Key Piaget stages: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12+).
- Anticipatory guidance includes injury prevention, nutrition, immunizations, play, and age-appropriate safety.
Safety, Nutrition, & Milestones
- Nutrition: infants (breast/formula), toddlers (whole milk, small portions), preschool (colorful foods), school-age (calcium), teens (iron/calories).
- Injury prevention: choking/SIDS (infant), poisoning/falls (toddler), play/water safety (preschool), sports/stranger safety (school-age), auto/alcohol (adolescent).
- Know basic developmental milestones (e.g., "2 smiles, 4 rolls...").
Recognizing & Managing Disorders
- Identify signs of abuse/neglect; document and act as advocate for the child.
- Failure to Thrive: assess for feeding issues, parent-child interaction, neglect, illness.
- Sensory disorders: screen for vision/hearing issues; know common conditions (e.g., otitis media).
Oxygenation Disorders & Interventions
- Recognize respiratory distress: tachypnea, wheezing, retractions, low oxygen saturation.
- Common conditions: asthma, bronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, RSV, strep throat.
- Age-appropriate pain scales: FLACC (infant/toddler), CHEOPS (toddler), Faces (preschool), Numeric (school-age/adolescent).
- Preventative measures: vaccines, no smoking, SIDS precautions.
- Interventions differ by age and condition; focus on airway management, oxygen, and medications as needed.
Perfusion Disorders & Management
- Recognize symptoms of congenital heart defects, anemia, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, Kawasaki disease.
- Key interventions: monitor for complications, administer medications, provide education for chronic illnesses.
- Support families during terminal illness and bereavement with developmentally appropriate communication.
Contagious Diseases & Precautions
- Know symptoms, isolation precautions, and return-to-school guidelines for diseases like chickenpox, measles, lice, and pertussis.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Family Centered Care — partnership with families in making healthcare decisions.
- Anticipatory Guidance — proactive teaching for upcoming developmental changes and safety.
- Failure to Thrive (FTT) — inadequate growth (below 5th percentile) due to various factors.
- Regression — child returns to earlier behaviors during stress for reassurance.
- Amblyopia — lazy eye causing decreased vision in one eye.
- Strabismus — misalignment of the eyes.
- Apnea of Prematurity — breathing pauses in preterm infants.
- TET Spell — hypoxic episode in Tetralogy of Fallot.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review developmental tables, safety guidelines, and case studies.
- Study relevant ATI chapters and practice assessments.
- Make practice questions based on lecture highlights and bolded content.
- Review simulation/lab notes and starred lecture slides.