15.6 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Psychology 2e

Overview

• Definition: PTSD is a psychological disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.
• Historical Terms: Previously known as shell shock and combat neurosis.
• Modern Understanding: Applicable to anyone who has experienced psychological trauma, not just soldiers.

Classification

• DSM-5 Listing: PTSD is classified under Trauma-and-Stressor-Related Disorders.
• Criteria: Requires exposure to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.

Symptoms

• Intrusive and distressing memories
• Flashbacks
• Avoidance of related stimuli
• Negative emotional states (fear, anger, guilt, shame)
• Detachment from others
• Irritability and outbursts
• Exaggerated startle response
• Symptoms must last for at least one month for diagnosis.

Prevalence

• 7% of U.S. adults will experience PTSD in their lifetime.
• Higher rates among women (9.7%) than men (3.6%).
• Elevated rates in people exposed to mass trauma or with trauma-related occupations (e.g., police, firefighters).
• Significant cases observed post-disasters (e.g., Hurricane Katrina, 9/11 attacks).

Risk Factors

• Major Predictors: Trauma experience, severity, lack of social support, subsequent stress.
• Gender Differences: Women often have PTSD from sexual trauma; men from accidents and natural disasters.
• Ethnic and Racial Differences: Non-White populations experience more assaultive violence and trauma.
• Prison Populations: Higher PTSD prevalence compared to general public.
• Additional Risks: Low socioeconomic status, low intelligence, personal and family history of mental disorders, childhood adversity.

Support Mechanisms

• Social Support: Reduces PTSD risk—comfort, advice, and assistance are crucial.
• Community Involvement: Associated with lower PTSD rates and higher remission.

Learning and PTSD Development

• Classical Conditioning: Traumatic events condition responses such as fear and anxiety.
• Cognitive Factors: Disturbances in memory and negative appraisals are crucial.
• Memory Issues: Fragmented and disorganized memories lead to persistent symptoms.

Conclusion

• PTSD is influenced by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
• Understanding risk factors, symptoms, and support systems is essential for effective prevention and treatment.