Lecture Notes: Life and Physical Science

Introduction

• Focus on ATI TEAS Version 7 Science Series
• Covers 9 items out of 44 questions in the exam

Key Topics

1. Cell Structure and Function
2. Genetic Material and Protein Structure
3. Mendel’s Law of Inheritance
4. Macromolecules
5. Microorganisms and Disease

Biological Hierarchy

• Chemicals: Essential to life (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
• Cells: Basic unit of life, over 250 types performing specific functions
• Tissues: Made of similar cells; types include epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
• Organs: Tissues working together (e.g., heart)
• Organ Systems: Groups of organs (11 systems including integumentary, skeletal, muscular, etc.)
• Organisms: Multicellular entities made of organ systems

Cell Structure

• Cell Membrane: Selective permeability
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like, supports cell organelles
• Organelles: Includes Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, ER, etc.

Mitosis

• Stages: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Results in two genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis

• Stages: Meiosis I (similar to mitosis stages), Meiosis II
• Results in four genetically diverse daughter cells

Genetic Material and Protein Structure

• Chromosomes: DNA and proteins, humans have 46 chromosomes
• Genes: Units of heredity
• DNA: Double helix, genetic code
• RNA: Single strand, uses uracil instead of thymine
• Transcription and Translation: Processes of making RNA and proteins

Mendel's Law of Inheritance

• Dominant and Recessive Alleles
• Genotypes and Phenotypes: Homozygous vs. heterozygous
• Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete dominance, codominance

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates: Sugars, starches (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides)
• Lipids: Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
• Proteins: Enzymes, structural, storage, transport proteins
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Microorganisms and Disease

• Types: Bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, animals
• Disease Transmission: Direct contact, indirect contact, vectors
• Microscopes: Light and electron types

Conclusion

• Understanding these concepts is crucial for the ATI TEAS exam.
• Additional resources available on Nurse Chon's website.