Overview
This lecture covers the anatomy, function, and hormones produced by the adrenal glands, emphasizing their role in stress response and homeostasis.
Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure
- The adrenal glands are located superior to each kidney.
- Each gland consists of two parts: the adrenal cortex (outer) and the adrenal medulla (inner).
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
- The adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.
- Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid) regulates sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure.
- Cortisol (a glucocorticoid) helps control metabolism, stress response, and inflammation.
- Androgens from the cortex contribute to secondary sex characteristics.
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
- The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
- These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy in response to stress ("fight or flight" response).
Adrenal Gland Functions
- The adrenal glands help regulate metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and the body’s stress reaction.
- Hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex and medulla is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Adrenal Gland — A gland on top of each kidney that produces hormones for stress and homeostasis.
- Cortex — Outer part of the adrenal gland producing corticosteroids.
- Medulla — Inner part of the adrenal gland producing catecholamines.
- Aldosterone — Hormone that regulates sodium, potassium, and blood pressure.
- Cortisol — Hormone that manages metabolism, stress, and inflammation.
- Androgens — Sex hormones influencing male traits and reproductive activity.
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine — Hormones for 'fight or flight' responses.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Complete the knowledge check related to adrenal gland hormones.
- Review hormone functions and anatomy for next class.