we are going to talk about sort of the metabolic processes in the cell today that are used to produce ATP and one of those processes we're going to discover a process called glycolysis now if you were to look inside a cell and let's say this is like the nucleus of the cell we know about one of the organelles that mainly responsible for the production of ATP would be your line of Congress however we are able to also produce ATP in just the cytoplasm of the cell through this process of what promises we can be any kind of carbs and reflect all of this we have this ATP production that's going to occur now anytime we use this type of production of ATP in the cytoplasm I want you to know that this is and an aerobic mechanism it does not require oxygen however when we start talking about how ATP is made in my country this is an aerobic process and oxygen is necessary so we're going to start talking first about anaerobic processes but once we move into the mitochondria those will be all aerobic metabolic processes let's start out talking about carbohydrate and how we convert these into energy and we're going to start with a glucose molecule and everywhere I put an arrow just assume that there is at least one or possibly multiple enzymes I'm not going to ask you to memorize two enzymes but do you want you to memorize these steps because somehow I have a feeling you might see something similar to Vince I'm upset for sure but I have a really strong ESP like see links to MA on July 3rd okay okay maybe so you know just like Yelp look um okay now this is a six carbon molecule and as soon as glucose entered into our cell we're going to convert it to Pluto tips popping which means that our cell is going to put a phosphate on carbon number six now the reason that this happens is because you know that insulin opens gates and glucose diffuses in and the problem is that insulin seized on that gate for a while and the gate stays open and there is potential for glucose to diffuse up but we need to add a phosphate to this loop of molecule to make it larger so now I can't fit through the gate can't get out of themself and it's from saying we can use this now where we're going to get this phosphate from to put on carbon number six and we're going to take it off of an ATP and we're going to produce ADP plus phosphate and this is a phosphate that we put on a carbon number six now let's inform glucose 6-phosphate we're going to change the structure just a little bit and we're going to produce fruit toast it's coughing so we change glucose into fruit oh now I know this isn't on your handout and I don't expect you to fill this in but I suppose show you something remember the sugar sucrose that we eat a lot in our diet remember a degree of glucose plus prism so we can eat us fructose in this pathway to make energy equal code in a pathway but then what happens to fructose is just sort of kind of gets wasted in thrown away and that's just crazy not a good idea for bottom so this first hub can actually be converted into in by ourselves from some of the copper so we can convert glucose in your acceptance office and we can convert fructose into trips of this bucket and then all the rest of the steps from here on out can happen for either glucose or fructose and so we're able to save some energy and be able to make more ATP with both of these molecules okay so from fructose 6-phosphate we're going to produce fructose 1 6 dye topping so where did we just put the second phosphate which carbon gas carbon number one so now we have a phosphate on carbon number one and carbon number six and again where we got this phosphate from is from another ATP molecule so we took this phosphate we just pulled off of ATP and this is the one that we put on carbon number one to make our script OHS one six Diagnostics okay so I'm just running out of room here so I'm just going to rewrite this up here so in the next step we're going to use some enzymes to cut our fruit Club molecules enough as we're going to end up with two new molecules coming from fructose 1 6 by popping now let me cut it in half we're also going to read number of these carbons sudden they become mirror images of each other and he started the mirror so there's 1 2 3 1 2 3 so now the phosphate is on carbon number 3 and so we're going to call this new molecules glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and we have two of these Oh we stop right here and tell you one important thing you need to know spelling counts on your event so if you have problems with spelling you probably want to do a spelling book which is what I allow you to do so here look there happen you can if you think you're going to spell any word whatsoever wrong when you're spelling all these big words out you can get like a spiral notebook and you can spell each of the words you think you're going to misspell 25 times in your spiral notebook and turn that into me on the day of your exam and when you do and if you spell word wrong on your exam and you got it in your notebook spelled correctly written out 25 times I will not take any pom-poms and I do this because some people just have really hard time to scope it just can't Felton I have a daughter who's row has really bad dyslexia and spelling is not her Forte and no matter how hard she tries there just something she's just not able to spell correctly so I understand this is a problem but for those of you who do this and you don't have any serious problems it is also my evil intention that if you filled out money by x you probably will learn how to spell it that's what they need to make a few in like elementary school rewrite the word over and over and over again and so you learned how to so and so oh by the way I heard something really cool the other day which unfortunately for you guys it's too late but I guess I didn't struggle in cursive writing back into elementary school which is about frigging time and I want you guys right and all you do is print and I feel so sorry for you that they've not teach you how to first bright it works so much better and a lot easier and go so fast and there's so many people who don't know how to do it and make sure kids will know how to do this now all right so I also on your exam you may abbreviate things so you don't want to write soft they out over and over and over again you can write it as po4 or if you really want to abbreviate you can also write it as P of a little I there that can for inorganic phosphate which is what peel board is you can abbreviate you can abbreviate ATP you can abbreviate ADP but you have to have a legend so that anything that you abbreviated you are selling out in your legends so if you write ATP de you will have in your legend somewhere on your damn adenosine triphosphate if you abbreviate to4 you're going to have to tell me that po4 means buffing so if you're filling this out turns over you make a little legend for all three pages so that I can look to see that you have spelled it correctly okay any questions about that alright so let's go back to this so now from lift around high the three phosphate we are going to produce one three die lost all slippery or you could also call it 1 3 dipole acetic acid if there's one how you want to write it I don't care you can do it with a te or you can deal with its acid so this a PE at the end is the same thing as writing it it at the end with an acid stay in the second ok so now what we've done is we've added another phosphate to carbon number 1 here but this time we didn't get the phosphate from ATP watching to do this to begin with but we just take a phosphate as floating around in the cytoplasm and add it to carbon number one of its knowledge one other thing that we do is we're going to take two hydrogen as off of blister all behind free phosphate and add it to a molecule called nab and we're going to have nadh + h I'm undersold book anything the Katyn arrives adenine dinucleotide we're going to talk about in just a little bit later but anytime nae picks up two hydrogens ourselves going to be able to use these two hydrogens to make 3 ATP modules so anytime energy picks up two hydrogens we're going to be able to make three ATP molecules from them in the next step we're going to form three Faso that's right there's three Aquaplus right or we can also call the three bosco lisiek thousands now what that means here is that we have taken one of the phosphates off of carbon number one and we're going to add this coughing so we've taken a phosphate off now we're going to add it to ADP and we'll make our very first ATP molecule final in the next step we're going to move the phosphate just from carbon number three the carbon number two and so we're going to have to foxhole glycerin or to phospho lacera happen then we're going to lose the carbon from - or Sania Mirza phosphate from private number to the carbon number one and we have fossil enol pyruvate this is all one work or we get phosphoenol pyruvate asses in the very last step we're going to take the phosphate completely off and we're going to end up with pyruvate and that sauce basil because off we're going to add it to another ATP and we'll make another ATP molecules in question so all we're doing is moving carbon 2 3 2 2 and then this one's the carbons with the wanted a little bit of change in the molecular structures moves over and so at the end of like all of this we may do hyper the gas molecules and we produce more ATP modules not a lot of energy coming out of this thing because look at the beginning we even used up two ATP my life so in what promises you basically get two ATP molecules from this and that is not a lot of energy but it's really okay because we're not anaerobic very often we don't really have to worry about situations where we're going to be anaerobic for long periods of time because we don't think a little their breasts are very long unfortunately though if we do we end up not making a lot of ATP molecules which of course now that means there's not a lot of phosphates to turn on enzymes and enzymes don't turn on your chemistry slows down and eventually we got so we cannot stay anaerobic for too long we have to go to aerobic process which is what the next steps will be all about they'll all be air open on the next two pages of your hand up because what's going to happen if this type of adapter molecule as soon is we're going to transform this into the 901 to goes into the mitochondria remember I said all those mechanisms are aerobic they all require oxygen and they're all going to produce more ATP than the anaerobic mechanism choose any question okay now one other thing I want to tell you if somehow you happen to see this again like on July 3rd this part of it here or at least one of them you don't have to go out okay because it's just a duplicate and if you can fill out one half you can probably fill out the other half ok so just keep in mind I have to do is fill out one 5/6 you don't have to do both all right so let's talk about the next step which is what we would call the intermediate step so our pyruvic acid or our pyruvate has entered in to our mitochondria and we're going to convert this into a molecule called acetyl coenzyme a [Applause] now when you right now to fetal : money you don't write out the word advice it's just known that that's what this is going to be so I really got this turns into a single coenzyme a and what we would refer to as the intermediate step now there's a couple really important things to have to know here the only way from type of the Cap'n's turning to acetyl coenzyme a is if we are aerobics so that means there has to be oxygen present for this step to take place if oxygen is not present so for whatever reason we're holding our breath or maybe you have a person who is out doing a lot of exercise and so they don't have a lot of oxygen it's pyruvic acid is going to turn into lactic acid now laughs it happens when we produce this asset it starts to build up in the symptom and we move it out of the bloodstream into the liver into the skeletal muscles to store it and this is why you know when you're running and you get really tired don't you've got picking your side you know and it starts to hurt really bad and this is also why your muscles ache when you build up a lot of lactic acid so when you start to get that picking your side one thing that's really important is breathe really deep get slow down get more oxygen in because if you can get more oxygen in you can convert this lactic acid back because everything else but oxygen has to be prevalent for this to occur so you have to have plenty of those two to give this back to pyruvic acid and then of course we can convert it back into acetyl coenzyme a and keep going through the process of making ATP but if you don't have a lot of oxygen you're going to build up this lock to gases which is also what people are really going for the next day when they just started to exercise again after a period of time because they've built up so much lactic acid by the way a really good way to get the lots of jobs without the muscles and stretch as much stretching as you can possibly do a faster and exercise kind of removal uncle out and help to push that lactic acid out of the muscle and turn it back into energy because we're going to use that lactic acid in other steps when you turn it back to the pyruvic acid to get more energy from it now by the way in this step with Cobras accountant we're going to make a waste product the first waste products we've made is waste products is carbon dioxide so in this process we can have some co2 build-up another thing that's going to happen is we're going to take two hydrogens from our pyruvic acids and we're going to take these two hydrogens and add it to another ne D to get another NADH plus h and remember we'll talk about this in a little bit we can use an NADH plus h in order to make 3 ATP modules now this intermediate sector is going to happen twice because we have to pyruvic acid molecules so we'll end up with two acetyl come in when a long ok now those acetyl coenzyme a molecules are going to be able to enter into the next cycle we just call the citric acid level and this is still happening in the mitochondria okay so we're going to start with a beautiful high bay and the field covered by a is going to bind to a chemical called oxaloacetate and one of these two lines we're going to form a molecule called citric acid which is what this cycle is called this is the citric acid cycle that we're going to go through sometimes you'll hear people refer to as a creme citric acid cycle octave dr. kress came up okay from citric acid we're going to make a molecule called iso century and from isocitrate we're going to produce a molecule called alpha hero blue turret in this staff without the heat of the race we're going to make another waste product which is our carbon dioxide and we're also going to take two hydrogen off of isocitrate and add them to an anyb and we're going to get another NADH plus h couple of other things I'm going to tell you be really careful when you're filling in the blank because one things I see that students fairly frequently forget is the arrow head especially when you're doing something like this the teepee goes to ADP plus phosphate if you don't have the arrow head there I don't know which way the equation goes and so I'm going to count you completely off so do not leave the arrow it out super important okay all right from alpha key to blue turret we're going to produce a molecule called arsenio coenzyme a and on this one we're also going to have another weights molecules carbon dioxide and we're going to produce another nad with the two hydrogen coming off of alpha sheet of blue trace from Tuck Sevilla college one day now we go to sustenance and this is the only step where we actually make an ATP and it's a pretty convoluted step because first we have to use a molecule called GTP and gdp and for blossom try office we're going to convert this gtp by taking a phosphate off and we're going to get GDP plus a phosphate and so forth GP GP is once and die popping now we're going to take this phosphate that we just took on the gtp so I'm just going to rewrite it here and we're going to add this to an ADC and we'll get our only ATP multi problem questioning we are going to produce human right and in this step or introduced to a needle kelvil we're going to take two pressures off of section 8 and add them to F ad to get f AV h plus h F ad theorem for flavin adenine dinucleotide we can use the two hydrogens on f ad a little bit later to the end hope to may 280 P multiple so on anything we can use the two hydrogens to make three APD on f AG we can use the two hundred estimates to ATP and I'll show you how that's done so fumarate we're going to produce malli and from malate we're going to go back to oxaloacetate however we're also to do that going to take two hydrogen's off of malate and add them to another nad to form another NADH plus h and you're done with the citric acid cycle this handout that I gave you is also on of the blood home website so if you want to print this out again over and over again just keep filling it out probably the best way to practice it just keep doing it over and over okay you can do that