our live lesson I am going to be streaming today in vertical mode so if you are using your cell phone you might be able to see this video a little bit more clearly when you are turning your phone upright um what I'm going to do is just wait a little bit for everyone to join the live um and don't forget everybody you if you are a member you're more than welcome to leave me a little comment in the chat box alongside and I can actually see the chats as we go along today what we're going to do in preparation for our exams coming up is we are going to be looking at the endocrine system and I'm going to do some revision on that so that you will be able to take away key points on the endocrine system so that while you prepare for your exams coming up you will be ready if you are in the Western Cape um and your school is writing the common paper you're going to be writing next week Wednesday and it's going to be paper one so this is a perfect opportunity for you to prepare for that okay everyone so don't forget you can leave um a comment in the chat and I will be able to see exactly what you are asking me um so what I'm going to do is I'm going to dive into the basics around the endocrine system and then I'm going to do some application so first things first a lot of us struggle with the endocrine system mainly because we don't really know how they're going to ask the question so I think our challenge comes from knowing um like having uncertainty should I say like we don't know what they're going to ask us so I think it's really important for us to cover some of the basics and cover the glands so first things first we need to and I'm going to zoom in on this part over here we need to focus in on some of our major glands and the first one that we need to know is the hypothalamus and the second is the pituitary now these two glands together are super important for the endocrine system they work together and very often you will see that the pituitary gland is also called The Master gland and that is because it produces so many different hormones and I want to remind all of you that it produces things like FSH LH thyroid stimulating hormone and many others and you're going to need to know all of them now one thing I do want to clarify in a lot of textbooks um is where does um the hormone ADH come from um in a lot of different textbooks some will say it comes from the hypothalamus and so I'm talking about the hormone a DH or antidiuretic hormone a lot of textbooks will say that it comes from the hypothalamus and in other textbooks it'll say the pituitary gland so I just want to clear up this confusion once and for all ADH is made in the hypothalamus that is where it is made but a lot of textbooks make it sound like it's made in the pituitary gland and that's incorrect it is made in the hypothalamus but it is distributed muted by the pituitary gland so if you're asking me ma'am which one should we learn which one should we know for the exam like where does it come from I would prefer if you actually mentioned both and you said ADH which is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland controls um how much fluid the body um retains right so I think that for now um I will come back to by the way later on but I think for now we really need to clear that up um where ADH comes from moving down to excuse me the next gland that we need to know about and that's going to be the thyroid we don't need to know the parathyroid the thyroid is where we make thyroxin then we have the pancreas now the pancreas is interesting because the pancreas is both a endocine and an EXO crime and they can actually ask you the differences between those two things just so that everybody knows they can ask you the difference and so I am going to tell you the difference between these two glands shortly but remember the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon next up we have the adrenal glands and the adrenal glands are often a forgotten gland and I'm hoping that everyone here is not forgetting about them they produce things like aldosterone they are going to produce um cortisol adrenaline and this one in particular so I'm saying ADR the adrenal glands in particular it gives us uh a lot of hassles in exams and I'm going to show you why with a question shortly now what's an interesting um endocrine gland that I think a lot of us don't know exists is the placenta and that's only during pregnancy everybody so don't you stress um they very rarely are going to even mention the placenta so we don't need to worry about that then on the other side the only other hormone excuse me the only other endocrine systems that we need to know in terms of glands are going to be the ovary and the testy we don't need to know the thymus we don't need to know the pineal gland those are outside of the grade 12 correct curriculum okay so ma'am wanted to clarify something for you earlier and I wanted to clarify the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands so just a quick recap of what that difference is when you see endo and endocrine glands those are glands that are most importantly ductless and what does that mean it means that they don't have tubes that allow their secretions to leave them instead they are ductless and they secrete their hormones straight into the bloodstream whereas EXO crine excuse me exocrine glands they have ducts which are those tubes I spoke about earlier and they secrete out their their substance their hormone or if it's not a hormone their substance like the pancreas makes pancreatic juice that is secreted um into a uh Target organ so it doesn't go via the blood if that makes sense um if I think about the pancreas the pancreas is an example of a gland that does um both of these um the the insulin and glucagon that would fall in as the ductless bloodstream so those two hormones go straight into your bloodstream whereas the pancreas is also exocrine and it uses its duct its pancreatic duct to put pancreatic juice straight into the digestive system so that's kind of the difference between these two things here now before I move on any further I want you to know that the endocrine system is going to be quite a challenging question in your marks so I don't want you to overlook it when you're preparing and I want everybody to make as much effort to practice as many past paper questions on the endocrine system I am going to do a past paper question today with you now anyway but before we do that I want to talk about a gland that a lot of us don't study enough and that is going to be the th thyroid I think a lot of mat tricks Overlook the thyroid gland a lot and I feel like we don't actually know how thyroid thyroxin thyroid stimulating hormone actually works now if you are just joining the live now please don't forget to leave any questions you have I am going to take a little pause just now to check the chat to see if you have anything that you want to ask me but just keep in mind that I can see the chat and so if you want to ask me something you can now the thyroid is a gland that is in your throat and its main function is your metabolism now what is your metabolism everybody your metabolism is cellula oh whoopsie I'm not spelling cellular let's get that right is cellular respiration it is the same thing okay so your metabolism is cellular respiration okay now we often don't study the thyroid correctly and I'm going to tell you why and why we have difficulty but first let's go through it so in order for the thyroid to do its job it has to be stimulated so we actually need to go a little bit further back and we need to go up to the pituitary gland the pituitary gland which is in your brain secretes thyroid stimulating hormone thyroid stimulating hormone is sent to your thyroid and your thyroid gland is going to produce thyroxin now where does do thyroxin go thyroxin is going to be sent to your muscles but also I'm just going to put you in Brackets any other cells that are needing repair replacement growth anything right anything anything anything anything anything I put muscles here as an example but I want you to all know that cellular respiration is happening throughout your body so it's it's not just your muscles now here's where the problem comes in and I'm going to put it in red because this is the stuff we get wrong in exams the problem is when we're explaining this process we stop our explanation here what we don't do is explain negative feedback properly and there is negative feedback here because and this is the bit that you get wrong and I'm going to put it in red when thyroxin levels increase according to negative feedback when a substance goes up like thyroxin it's let's call it stimulant hormone the thing that's creating it must come down so when one goes up the other must go down I'm sure many of your teachers you know have given you the analogy of you know like a seesaw and it seesaws up and down we need to include that in our explanation so you can't stop here what we actually need to do is we need to add add on more and so what we're going to do is in our exams we are going to add in that thyroxin is increasing and because of that cellular and I'm going to write out all of respiration cellular respiration increases and because cellular respiration increases thyroid stimulating hormone decreases and wheny thyroid stimulating hormone decreases enough like it gets low enough that it's a problem then what happens is thyroxin starts to decrease and now do you see we go back to the beginning and we start all over again the pituitary gland picks up a low level of thyroxin it secretes thyroid stimulating hormones so that level goes up thyroid stimulating hormone is sent to the thyroid the thyroid produces thyroxin thyroxin increases therefore cellular respiration increases and when that increases it now triggers the negative feedback to reduce this hormone thyroid stimulating and then again that gets really low and so that causes thyroxin to drop off and become low and it triggers the whole response and this is negative feedback it is this play between hormones going up and down and taking turns on being high but the moment one is too low the other one must come back down and they kind of seesaw back and forth now I'm going to pause for a second here and have a look at the chat just to quickly see what people are asking and I will read out you know their chat questions cuz some of you might not be able to see everything that everyone is saying so I have one statement here that say is sh says our exam guidelines say that the hypothalamus secretes hormones but I'm pretty sure it doesn't I don't believe that the guidelines do say that if that is what I don't have one in front of me right now I could probably quickly Google it and I'm going to do that right now to double check but I don't believe that that is the case um but I'm going to check just in case that it does say that and I can confirm that for you and then I can clarify that so I'm just going to quickly search that and then um I'll be able to answer you better but while I wait for that to load let's have a look another question um so uh I see p says what happens when a patient gets thyroid surgery so what happens um that's actually a great question because that can be an exam question what can happen everybody is you can have your thyroid removed and so that's actually a lovely um exam question now if they were to remove your thyroid so I'm just going to color it in like this like they've removed it if they remove your thyroid what happens is you will no longer be able to produce thyroxin so this hormone will no longer be able to be produced so no so you would have to say that you would have to say the pituitary gland will continue to register that there is not enough thyroxin because you've had your thyroid remove so it will try and secrete thyroid stimulating hormone but because there is no target organ there's no eector there's no thyroid you had it removed you will not be able to secrete thyroxin so that's actually a great question because they do ask it and they have asked it before where you have like something you know moved um I'm quickly opening the guidelines so just give me a second everybody because I know that that's what you want me to clarify and I'm just going to find it for us okay let's see what it says oh it's taking forever to load I'm going to let it load for a bit and I'm going to ask answer another question right let me just see here the hypothalamus just I think you're all arguing in the comment section here and I think it's a bit problematic everybody because um if I'm telling you something that conflicts with your teacher or what they've taught you I understand that sometimes that can be quite jarring and you are confused because it conflicts with what you learned but I am speaking from a place of knowing so just stick with me here everybody I'm in the guideline now and I'm having a look at the endocrine system okay everybody I can see it here and so I am actually going to take a screenshot of it for us and drop it into the live so you can see exactly what it says just give me a second okay let's see if I can just drop this onto my iPad so that you can see [Music] it okay so just to clarify for you uh shoub um you asked me what comes out of the hypothalamus and as I said earlier which I was correct um this is sorry this is the definition and the location so the location of each of the following glands using diagrams the hypothalamus secretes a DH which is what I said earlier so I would appreciate everybody if you didn't argue with each other in the comment section or argue with me um because that is what the guideline does say the hypothalamus creates ADH but I'm saying in some textbooks it says the pituitary does that so I'm clarifying for everybody so that they understand that when they're in the final exam this is the answer they are giving not necessarily the one in their textbook okay all right let's get back to where we were before um another question here says um ble asks if TSH increases so thyroid stimulating hormone increases thyroxin also increases yes you are correct and then when thyroxin gets high enough I want you to know that when it's high enough it starts to cause TSH to go down and when TSH goes down low enough it causes thyroxin to also come down and when thyroxin is very low it tells the pituitary hey we need more and then we start the whole process again um spu wants to know when you are explaining Thermo regulation do we have to specify the name of the blood vessels um yes if you're talking about you must say the name shant vessel and dermal arterial those are the two you need to know um I am going to go over the negative feedback of thyroxin again I've got another picture for us so don't you worry um let me see here all right let's move on I want to clarify this because somebody asked now about the negative feedback situation so let me show you miss Angler's easy to understand flow diagram and you can use this for all negative feedback all all endocrine all homeostasis this is the negative feedback process so we are always going to start off with a stimulus the stimulus could be anything it could be light it could be salt levels it could be anything okay now um now um the receptor um the receptor could be anything everyone the receptor could be um your eyes it could be a gland um it even could be a part of your brain and so you can substitute in that answer okay and that then means that you could put there for negative feedback let's say A reduced level of salt the receptor is going to be in the kidney the control center everybody the control center that is generally um a gland but it can also be the brain as well and then from the brain we have a corrective measure a corrective measure is you secrete more or you secrete less of something it's then sent to the eector which by the way the effector everyone can be a muscle it can be a gland that is then a response to the stimulus so the effector responds to the stimulus we then return to Norm and we get a result now if you want to just take a a screenshot of this or you want to just write this down I suggest you do and if you want to know where this is actually from this is in my cheat sheet if you have my cheat sheet you should be able to find it um this is one of the pages that are in it um and so I will be using a couple of pages also to show you what it looks like on the inside and also to teach the rest of this lesson today okay let me just have a look and see if there is anything else before I move on Indie Pia asks can you please elaborate why do we say prolactin is a mamory hormone um prolactin is the hormone that secretes breast Mark so breasts the correct terminology is memory gland and so prolactin is a memory gland hormone and if you have missed the beginning of this video don't forget that it will be posted later it autol loads so you'll be able to um watch the first half an hour of this um and yes everybody my membership program is still available it is still live okay okay let's move on everyone so this is actually from a page in my cheat sheet study guide and I wanted to do aldosterone as one of the endocrine glands that we don't do in the in the hormone and that's because again a lot of us don't study the adrenal gland which is the gland on top of your kidney now don't worry I'm going to zoom in so you can see everything but this is an example of what one of the pages look like on the inside and so as you can see it's really simplified it's easy to study from and and it does make your life easier now I've actually taken my template answer that we saw earlier and I've substituted in the correct answers so let's say for example they are asking you the endocrine function of the adrenal gland and how it helps you regulate salt so I'm going to zoom in here and we're going to start off with our um stimulus so our stimulus as per my template answer is there is a decrease in osmolarity osmolar it is just a big fancy word for saying you don't have enough salt in your bloodstream so you must acknowledge the stimulus so this is stimulus from there you need a receptor the receptor in this case is going to be the afferent arterials now I I know you're probably thinking ma'am didn't we learn that in grade 11 yes you did and yes you need to know it for this year as well the affrant arterials are the little arteries that enter the renal capsule in your kidney so they're the receptor let's move this up the arterials secrete renin now this is a unique um process because there are multiple hormones secreted one after another and um that means that we're going to have to learn more than just one answer and I think a lot of us struggle with that we struggle with remembering more than one thing because this is a receptor the receptor is going to also act as the control center and it's going to make the first corrective measure so this is the first corrective measure there's actually a few corrective measures when it comes to Salt so the arterials are going to secrete renin the renin stimulates the secretion of angot which is I'm going to write it on the side here this is the second corrective measure now that's what makes salt regulation unique compared to all the others that we've done normally it's only one corrective measure this is unique and that's why I wanted to do it today as a part of our revision so our corrective measures collectively are then sent to our Control Center and our control center here is the adrenal cortex the adrenal cortex is a part of your adrenal gland so it is the part of the gland um that is going to secrete um our aldosterone and so what happens is the cortex of the gland so that's our control center secretes more aldosterone and so the more aldosterone that is secreted this is our response to stimul Imus and from that response to the stimulus let me show you the last block it is sent to the distal convoluted tubu and it increases sodium absorption and so that is our result and that is that you know that is that way should I say because remember we are regulating salt and we are regulating salt on a day where you have a low salt level if you had a high salt level you would take the same answer everyone but just simply substitute in opposite words so instead of a decrease in osmolarity there would be an increase in osmolarity if on this side um increase in sodium absorption there would be a decrease in sodium absorption so now this whole process if I kind of Zoom all the way out for us this whole process that we've covered now follows my template answer with our stimulus our receptor our corrective measures and our Control Center and it all packages the work really nicely now also in the study guide are these like little Pro tips which by the way are included as like an added feature for exams I also mentioned here to you that if you want full marks depending on the question oops you must uh mention how salt regulates water in the blood um and a lot of us don't realize the two are connected aldosterone and ADH are connected to each other and the other thing is sweating is linked to this topic so show the link between the two homeostasis process if necessary so what does that mean for us everyone out there that means that you may be asked to marry your thermal regulation question or knowledge should I say with your salt and water knowledge and that's why the endocrine and homeostasis sections are hard you have to know a lot of information to marry them together now I'm want to pause for a second and just have a quick look at our chat otherwise I'm going to have a move on anybody who is worried about not seeing this video again don't worry this is going to be posted up later for you to watch the whole thing um so lulani wants me to quickly explain what is a hormone uh and a gland what is the difference between a hormone and a gland so that's a great question I'm just going to zoom in on a gland that's conveniently in my picture so this over here is a gland this over here is the adrenal gland and what is a gland a gland is a group of tissues that secrete substances so glands secrete now they can secrete lots of different things glands can secrete like saliva in your mouth so that's a liquid but they can also secrete hormones and so when they secrete a hormone what exactly is a hormone a hormone is a chemical message so to summarize a gland is a tissue that has a function of Regulation and secretion if we take a gland that secretes a hormone a hormone is a chemical message but you also get glands that secrete substances like your salivary glands secrete saliva which is a liquid I hope that clarifies that for you okay um let's see let me have a look here if you are wondering this is covering the Caps document content someone's asking about if this is I or not um no everybody this is not I however what we're doing here is also covered in the IE curriculum it's the same stuff so if you're wondering you can if you are an i student you can can also use this information too okay let's have a look um ma'am is there a video of this on your page so yes there is um a lot of people ask me that regularly which is quite interesting everybody I have a pretty comprehensive library of videos on every topic in matrick the easiest way to find them is to navigate to my playlist go onto the playlist scroll through them and there is a video on aldosterone on ADH I just recently remade my endocrine video so it's right um at the bottom because it's new um so please look out for those videos there is a video for all of this sobu wants to know do we have to mention a decrease in pottassium no you don't someone is asking um is this grade 11 or 12 work it's both you it in grade 11 and you also use it in grade 12 um let's see um hope wants to know ma'am how does it prepare the body for emergency so I'm pretty sure hope maybe you've seen some questions recently where the adrenal gland does that and I'm going to answer you in the shortest way possible because I do want to move on but essentially if I summarize this the adrenal gland makes the very famous hormone adrenaline and um adrenaline increases cellular respiration and why is that important for emergency situations because if you increase your cellular respiration rate you can use your muscles more and when you use your muscles more what are you doing in an emergency situation you're running away or you're fighting so you're fighting or flighting and so adrenaline increases your cellular respiration and therefore increases your heart rate your breathing rate your muscles um ability to go through cellular respiration and so you can run and fight and that's what you do in emergency situations okay right this is all in paper one um that was one final question someone is asking and so what I'm going to do to kind of not end our lesson we're not ending just yet but to summarize I really want to look at a past paper question now this question came from 2018 and it came from a um a uh what do you call this a rewrite paper you know like a supplementary paper I really like the supplementary papers because they have some some quite challenging questions I felt and if you want to test yourself and push yourself then I would use those June exams um as some really good revision so let's actually apply an endocrine question and that's going to be once we're done with this that's going to be our end of our live lesson so it says up here an investigation and I'm going to highlight this because we're going to need it later was carried out to determine the influence of alcohol on the volume of urine produced it says 12 23 healthy 23y old males of similar height and mass so let's just the numbers are important participated in an investigation the investigation was conducted as follows so it says the men were divided into two groups of six each and um excuse me and they were in put into group A and B the two groups uh had the same food and did the same exercise uh for a 24-hour period before testing each group was given the follow to drink they were given one liter of alcohol-free beer and then the other group was given one liter of alcoholic beer and urine was collected from every man every hour each man every hour it says assume that the volume of urine collected is equal to the volume of urine produced in other words there was none like left behind in the container they then took those results and they put them here in this um table for us and so I just want you to walk through it with me before we do the question so I want you to notice that group a which is the alcoholic free beer do you notice that their amount of urine produced is not as high as the alcohol group and you'll notice that after 2 hours it's considerably getting lesser and then at the very end after 3 hours it's still less um urine in group a but they're almost equaling out here and so what you should already come to a conclusion before we even answering the questions is that clearly clearly everybody the alcohol group so Group B has been making more urine and that's because of the alcohol but why why is that happening well now we are going to look at why based off of the questions and what they want to know from us so let's get into the first question it says the state the dependent variable in this investigation and my advice everybody is to never ever ever ever take it from the table where should we be taking it from we should be taking it from this opening statement at the top here where it says to determine that's the aim so we can take the variable from here it says to determine the influence of alcohol that is our independent variable on the volume of urine produced and so if I just move this over that is going to be our dependent variable so the volume of urine is the dependent variable and I'm going to just jot that down for all of us to see okay let's move on to our next question now I think a lot of matrics panic when they see this cuz they don't really do ask this question very often so we don't know what to say it says state two planning steps the investigators had to take before the investigation could start now my Matrix asked me this the other day we actually did this question together in class and um a lot of us don't know what a planning step is and a planning step is something that you do before you start so can I tell you a quick easy cheat way to never ever ever get this wrong okay so it's it's a little it's a little cheat okay the cheat is if you just start your sentence with the word decide excuse me and you just fill in whatever you like after that you will get it right so what could be a planning step and here they are these are my examples decide on the type of beer decide on the amount of beer decide on how long you will conduct the experiment for decide on the amount of men you will use decide on the sex um of people you will use so as long as you use the word decide you actually have endless opportunities you do however have to mention um variables that are in the experiment so you can't make up like this is all about men drinking beer um and the urine you can't then say Oh decide on um the amount of salt they're going to eat we're not testing for salt right now we're testing for urine we're testing for alcohol and its effect on urine so you got to stay within those parameters okay but that's that's a little cheat way okay all right let's move on to our next question now it says state two factors that need to remain constant other than the ones already mentioned now I know this is everyone's favorite question I know you hate reliability and validity questions but this is exactly that this is a validity whenever you see the word remain constant or it must remain the same that is referring to a validity question and so what factors need to remain constant other than what was already mentioned so if we go look back here they we're not allowed to say same food they've already said that we're not allowed to say we used six men in each group we're not allowed to say that same exercise nope can't say that but what they haven't told us is they didn't mention anything about other fluids because do you agree everyone that the amount of urine you produce is dependent on how much liquid you drink and nowhere here does it mention that they are limiting the drinks they're limiting the food you see see same food excuse me but they don't say the same amount of alcohol um the same amount of water the same amount of juice the same amount of liquids they don't say that so that's a really important thing that you need to be maintaining another thing that they don't um stipulate here is when they drink and so what I mean by that is they didn't tell us did they drink all the beer in one go did they drink the liter straight away or did they drink 500 Ms waited a bit drink the next 500 MS and so that's what we can add here too there are many others but for time's sake I'm going to move on moving on to our second last question it says state two steps that the investigators took to ensure reliability and I know you all hate reliability questions okay I I you got you have to know that they're going to come up in the prelim everybody you have to know that so where is the reliability question so I'm going to highlight them in a different color so you can see where the reliability was done remember reliability is results and there's only three options for that and that is calculate an average which they did look they calculate an average so there's our one uh reliability and now this is an iffy one and I disagreed with the memo that goes with this question the memo says that 12 is a large sample size up here I think that that's very incorrect everybody I don't think 12 people is a large sample size however however you're in an exam what do you do you see that number and you go 12 is not a lot of people well what's the third option if it's not calculate an average if it's not a large sample size it's repeat the experiment they did not repeat this experiment they collected urine every hour on the hour for 24 hours but that's not repeating the experiment so it's not repeating so it has to be large volume sorry excuse me average volume and a large sample size now last but not least this little question here I think is our worst nightmare because we see these like bulky questions at the bottom and it says based on the results so of this table explain how the intake of alcohol influences the secretion of ADH and consequence ly the volume of urine that is produced by the kidneys now if you don't know what to say for this one right now it's okay we are not going to panic what we're going to do is we are going to remember our template answer remember receptor stimulus control center we're going to remember that and we're going to use the ADH one but instead of writing in the positive we're going to write in the negative why in the negative ma'am because alcohol is influencing this ADH is not getting to do its job remember ADH is antidiuretic hormone anti- urination but according to the results we're urinating more which means ADH is not doing its job so how are we going to answer that I'm going to write it out for us over here so you can see exactly what you would say so we would say ADH is is reduced by alcohol right and because ADH is reduced by alcohol the renal tubal which is where water is absorbed the renal tubal becomes less permeable and if the renot tual becomes less permeable less water is reabsorbed and if less water is reabsorbed last but not least more urine is produced let me just move that over so you can see my whole answer now this is what this is the four marks this is what we get for ma'am how did you come up with that answer I just used my template and I took my template and I made it negative and I said ADH is reduced instead of increasing we're decreasing it then I mentioned my effector my eector which is my renal tual is now less permeable and now my um control measure is less water is reabsorbed and my result more urine is produced so every single time I'm taking that template answer and I'm matching it to the question except this is in the negative meaning that we're not getting enough water reabsorbed now I'm going to have a quick little look at our questions in our chat and just have a look here so let's see um where can we get prelim P papers so some provinces like and quaz Nal and the Eastern Cape those are really easy to find the Western Cape is really difficult they hide them um they don't really publish them at all um so those are tricky but can I just say one key thing here a lot of teachers if they're setting the paper themselves like your teachers are setting it not the government so you're not writing a common paper your teachers use a lot of past paper questions everybody so in the last four years from 2020 to now they are probably going to use questions from those papers and just cut them up and mix and match so what you should be doing is practicing as many past papers in the last four years so go all the way back to 2020 and do as many as you can and I love the website uh test papers.co Za they do a great job okay let's have a look here at another question [Music] oh thank you so much for the comment it just says here I'm a former student here on YouTube right now I'm studying at the University of Johannesburg just wanted to check up and thank you for everything that you've done thank [Music] you uh Tabby you were answering some of my questions as we went along um yes so so another planning step I'm just looking at Tubby's comment I'm just going to go back here quickly um tubby was talking about a planning step oh see let me just click off there so that you can see my work again uh tabby was asking about this planning step one here can you say ask for permission yes you can decide on a sample size yes you can love that um no we can't say can we say same time two factors any R constant um they did already say say 24 hours so and and recorded every hour so we can't say same time um let's have a look what about P the sacki past papers are also really tricky to find um I'm not going to lie to you I have looked when people comment that I do go and look and I try my best to find them everybody but they're really hidden um okay sobu asks if I mention distal convoluted tubal and collecting duct to become less permeable will I get the same Mark yes you will it's exactly the same thing um how can I best prepare for provincial Life Sciences so um if you are writing your Western Cape paper next week which some of you live in the Western Cape you'll write on Wednesday it's really hard to prepare for that because they do keep those papers under lock and key so unfortunately you don't have provincial papers to practice from and so the best the next best thing is just the end of the year papers to practice from those I promise they're very very similar and the reason why I say that is because I think the examiner who who creates paper one lives in the western C and so because they create paper one for the final they potentially also write the pro uh the provincial prelim paper too okay I know it's so horrible that they hide them I think they hide them because of um kind of I think they hide them because of effort level like I I think that for some reason the government the Western cap government thinks that they must hide it because it took so much effort to make these so we want to keep them you know our resources but other provinces share no problem so I don't I don't understand their reasoning to be honest they never ask the same question exactly the same every year so it's not like they're going to you know give you the the paper from last year again this year so I don't know why they do that if you are in Kang there is easy to find Ken past papers you can actually just go on to kang. education. government gov and you can find their past papers on on their website or just Google it just go Um past cang provincial prelim paper and it will come up because they do share theirs all right everybody I think there aren't any fresh questions in the chat um if you've just joined us don't worry this video is going to auto upload when we end the live now so you'll be able to watch it later um we are going to do another one of these videos uh live lessons um as the weeks go by so there will be another one next week keep your eyes peeled for that um and I hope you enjoyed this if you like any of the diagrams and any of these Pages they are in my cheat sheet if you are a member of my um study group here on uh YouTube you get free access so if you want free access then you can join the membership and you can use that to your heart's content to study from all right everybody in the next um session we'll probably do some paper 2 content I will put up a little Poll for you to vote but that is it for today everybody and I will see you all again soon bye