Medicosus Perfectionatus Biology Review

Overview

• Reviewing key biology topics in under 90 minutes
• Topics include cell structure, reproduction, embryogenesis, various body systems, genetics, and evolution

Cell and Organelles

• Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Cell Structure:
  • Nucleus: Contains DNA, chromosomes
  • Cytoplasm: Contains organelles like mitochondria (energy production, ATP)
  • Plasma Membrane: Lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
• Organelles:
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse, ATP production, can induce apoptosis
  • Lysosome: Destroys invaders, autophagy of senescent cells
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    • Rough ER: Protein synthesis
    • Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and directs cell products
  • Peroxisome: Involved in lipid metabolism, contains reactive oxygen species

Cell Division

• Cell Cycle: G0 (rest), G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (growth), M (mitosis/meiosis)
• Mitosis: Produces two identical cells
• Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse gametes

Reproduction

• Female and Male Anatomy: Ovaries and testicles as gonads
• Gametes: Ovum and sperm
• Hormones: FSH and LH regulate reproductive processes
• Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis: Differences in gamete production

Embryogenesis and Fetal Circulation

• Fertilization: Sperm meets secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II)
• Fetal Circulation: Placenta's role in nutrient and gas exchange

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial and spinal nerves
• Myelination: Oligodendrocytes in CNS, Schwann cells in PNS

Endocrine System

• Key Glands: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
• Hormones: Insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones

Respiratory System

• Anatomy: Conducting and respiratory zones
• Gas Exchange: Oxygen and CO2 transport

Cardiovascular System

• Heart Structure: Chambers and valves
• Blood Flow: Circulation differences in adults and fetuses

Immune System

• Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity: Types of cells involved
• Antibodies: Types and functions

Digestive System

• Process: Mechanical and chemical digestion
• Key Organs: Stomach, intestines, liver

Homeostasis

• Kidneys: Filtration and reabsorption
• Skin: Thermoregulation and protection

Musculoskeletal System

• Bones and Muscles: Types and functions
• Muscle Contraction: Myosin and actin interaction

Genetics

• Basic Concepts: Dominant/recessive, homozygous/heterozygous
• Mendel’s Laws: Segregation and independent assortment

Evolution

• Natural Selection: Mechanisms and patterns
• Reproductive Isolation: Pre-zygotic vs. post-zygotic

Conclusion

• Additional resources and notes available on medicosisperfectionalist.com

These notes summarize the key points from the biology review lecture, providing a condensed version of the topics covered.