Lecture Notes on Reported Speech
Introduction
- Welcome back to Gia Academy YouTube channel
- Today's focus: Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
- Importance in understanding direct and indirect speech
Definitions
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
- Definition: A sentence that conveys what someone else said in a new form.
- Example: Relaying a conversation to another person.
- Characteristics:
- Not necessarily the exact words of the speaker.
- Meaning remains the same.
Direct Speech
- Definition: Quotes the exact words spoken.
- Format: Use quotation marks.
- Example: "I love math."
Functions of Direct and Indirect Speech
- Conveying messages accurately.
- Writing articles and news; makes conveying information easier.
- Helps in summarizing messages.
Converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
- Remove Quotation Marks: Eliminate quotation marks from direct speech.
- Add 'That': Usually add 'that' to the sentence.
- Use 'Whether' or 'If': For yes/no questions.
- Change Capitalization: First letter of direct speech becomes lowercase.
- Change Tenses: Modify verb tenses according to the rules.
- Change Time References: Adjust time markers to fit the context.
Tense Changes in Reported Speech
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------|
| am/is | was/were |
| are | were |
| have/has | had |
| will | would |
| can | could |
Time Reference Changes
- now → then
- today → that day
- yesterday → the day before
- tomorrow → the next day
- ago → before
- this week → that week
Examples of Converting Speech
Statements
- Direct: "I like avocado juice."
Indirect: "She said that she liked avocado juice."
Commands
- Direct: "Bring your iPad, please."
Indirect: "He requested me to bring my iPad."
Prohibitions
- Direct: "Don't throw the dress."
Indirect: "He forbade her to throw the dress."
Yes/No Questions
- Direct: "Did you enjoy your holiday?"
Indirect: "He wanted to know if she had enjoyed her holiday."
WH Questions
- Direct: "Where does Firman live?"
Indirect: "She asked him where Firman lived."
Practice Exercises
- Exercise transforming WH questions
- Exercise transforming commands and prohibitions
- Exercise transforming yes/no questions
Conclusion
- Understanding how to convert between direct and indirect speech is crucial for effective communication.
- Practice is key to mastering these concepts.
- Stay healthy and see you in the next video!