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How many chromosomes do human egg and sperm cells typically carry?
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13 chromosomes each, contributing to a total of 26 when combined.
What is the role of mitochondria in sperm cells?
They provide energy for the sperm's movement to the egg.
What happens when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells?
It forms oxyhemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body.
How do white blood cells help protect against infectious diseases?
They engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) and produce antitoxins and antibodies.
What is the significance of the large vacuole in palisade mesophyll cells?
It helps position chloroplasts towards the edge of the cell for optimal sunlight exposure.
Describe the zona pellucida found in egg cells.
It is a jelly layer that prevents multiple sperm from entering the egg.
Why do palisade mesophyll cells have thin cell walls?
To enable diffusion of substances.
How do the structural features of white blood cells aid in pathogen defense?
They can change shape to squeeze through gaps and reach infection sites, and perform phagocytosis.
What is the primary function of palisade mesophyll cells in plant leaves?
Photosynthesis.
Explain the role of white blood cells in the immune response.
White blood cells can change shape to move through blood vessel walls and target infection sites, where they engulf pathogens and produce antibodies.
Why do root hair cells lack chloroplasts?
Because photosynthesis does not occur underground where they are located.
Why can red blood cells navigate through capillaries effectively?
They are small and flexible, which allows them to move through narrow pathways.
What enables red blood cells to efficiently transport oxygen?
Their biconcave disc shape increases surface area, and they carry haemoglobin to bind oxygen.
What structural adaptation of root hair cells increases their efficiency in water absorption?
They have long projections, or 'hairs,' that increase the total surface area.
What is a key feature of sperm cells that aids in reaching the egg cell?
They have a tail, or undulipodium, that enables them to swim.
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