Grade 10 Biology Culminating Task Review

General Instructions

• Pay attention to the review
• Participate and answer questions
• Notes are not allowed for the lab practical component
• Written part: can use notes, but not the textbook

Cell Structure Identification

Cell Diagram 1

1. A: Cell Membrane
   • Semi-permeable
   • Controls material entry/exit
2. B: Ribosomes
   • Produce proteins
   • Found in nucleus's nucleolus, exit via nuclear pores
3. C: Mitochondria
   • Produce energy for the cell
   • Cellular respiration
4. D: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
   • Transport system, studded with ribosomes
5. E: Nucleus
   • Contains chromosomes, genetic material (DNA)
6. F: Cytoplasm
   • Jelly-like fluid suspending organelles
7. G: Nuclear Membrane
8. H: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
   • No ribosomes
9. I: Golgi Apparatus
   • Package proteins into vesicles
10. J: Lysosome/Vacuole

• Contains digestive enzymes/holds water

Cell Diagram 2

1. A: Nucleolus
   • Produces ribosomes
2. B: Nuclear Membrane
3. C: Nucleus/Nucleoplasm
4. D: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5. E: Cell Membrane
6. F: Cell Wall
   • Only in plant cells
7. G: Cytoplasm
8. H: Large Vacuole
   • Water storage in plant cells
9. I: Chloroplasts
   • Photosynthesis
10. L: Mitochondria

Mitosis and Cell Cycle

1. Prophase
   • Chromosomes become visible
2. Metaphase
   • Chromosomes align in the middle
3. Anaphase
   • Chromosomes pulled to poles
4. Telophase
   • Nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis may start

Microscopic Identification

• Interphase: Chromosomes not visible
• Prophase: Chromosomes visible but not aligned
• Metaphase: Chromosomes aligned in middle
• Anaphase: Chromosomes splitting and moving to poles
• Telophase: Cytokinesis visible, nuclear membrane forming

Tissue Identification

1. Epithelial Tissue
   • Types: Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal
2. Connective and Supporting Tissue
   • Bone, Cartilage, Blood
3. Muscle Tissue
   • Striated/Skeletal muscle
4. Nervous Tissue
   • Neurons

Human Digestive System

1. Oral Cavity: Physical (teeth, tongue) and chemical digestion (salivary amylase)
2. Pharynx: Throat region
3. Esophagus: Muscular tube to the stomach
4. Stomach: Physical and chemical digestion (pepsin, lipase)
5. Small Intestine: Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
6. Large Intestine/Colon: Water reabsorption, vitamin production
7. Liver: Produces bile, stores glucose, detoxifies blood
8. Gallbladder: Stores bile
9. Pancreas: Releases digestive enzymes, hormones insulin and glucagon
10. Rectum/Anus: Storage and release of feces

Earthworm Digestive System

1. Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus
2. Crop: Temporary storage
3. Gizzard: Grinding of food
4. Intestine: Digestion and absorption
5. Dorsal/Ventral Blood Vessels: Circulatory system
6. Hearts: Five pairs

Human Respiratory System

1. Nasal Cavity: Air warming and cleaning
2. Pharynx: Common food and air passage
3. Trachea: Air passage to lungs with cartilage rings
4. Bronchus, Bronchioles: Air passage branches
5. Alveoli: Gas exchange
6. Diaphragm: Muscle for breathing (inhalation/exhalation)
7. Ribs: Aid lung expansion and compression

Human Circulatory System

1. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: Deoxygenated blood to right atrium
2. Right Atrium/Ventricle: Pumps blood to lungs
3. Pulmonary Artery/Vein: To/from lungs for gas exchange
4. Left Atrium/Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to body
5. Aorta: Major artery to body
6. Coronary Blood Vessels: Supply heart itself

Experiments with Carbon Dioxide

1. Bromothymol Blue (BTB) Indicator: Detects CO2
   • Blue (no CO2)
   • Green (some CO2)
   • Yellow (high CO2)
2. Variables
   • Controlled: Volume of water, number of straws, temperature of water
   • Independent: Activity level (at rest vs. post-exercise)
   • Dependent: Time taken for BTB to change color

Final Remarks

• Prepare well using this review
• Focus on understanding concepts, not just memorizing
• Good luck with your culminating tasks!