Transcript for:
Grade 10 Biology Culminating Task Review

okay everybody this is my review for grade 10 biology culminating task for my students and sorry I couldn't be there with you to do this review so this is the least I could do for you so the idea here is to watch this video and you're welcome to flip through your notes at the same time try to find some of the same images although I'm going to show you some different images as well but if you want to follow along you're welcome to take a couple of notes if you want some of the question styles it's not necessary the main thing to do is to pay attention to the review and to participate and try to answer some of the questions that I'm going to ask you whether you're answering them silently in your head or you're sort of talking about them with your colleagues or any teacher who might be using this there might be opportunities for you to pause the video periodically and let the students talk get their feedback this kind of thing alright so I just want to remind you that your notes are not allowed for the lab practical component when you're you're going to be going around the classroom of course you're going to be writing this in a different room not in the normal classroom in another classroom and I'll put a notice up on the door about that I'll remind you about that but you're going to be doing a lab component where you're going around the room looking at microscopes and models and dissection specimens and all of that kind of stuff and you can't use your notes for that so you can have to memorize that stuff know that stuff you should already know it anyhow but you can use your notes but not the textbook for the written part the seat work alright so there's two parts to this culminating task and you might be starting with the lab part or you might be doing this the seat work and then switching all right so let's let's move along here and see see what I got for you okay so we got a picture of this cell here you just fix this up on your options okay so we got a picture of the cell here this is actually a different one than one that you may have seen before and the question is going to be to name the parts of the cell so we're going to start up here with structure a alright and as you can see a is pointing at this this region of the cell right there so can anybody identify that if you can just yell it out right here yeah this is the cell membrane or the plasma membrane and just remember that this structure is semipermeable right it controls materials that are entering or exiting the cell all right so that's the cell membrane if we move on to structure B you may have a little bit of difficulty with this I'm not sure you're looking at these little dot like structures here but will you keep in mind that these dot like structures are also present over here so does that give you a hint what are they yes those are the ribosomes all right ribosomes are often found adhering to this structure which we're going to identify very soon or they may be floating freely do you remember where ribosomes are made if so yell it out do you guys all agree with each other that bribe assumes are produced inside the nucleus now this is not that region there will be another region right in there that would be the nucleolus and the ribosomes will then go through here what's that little hole called there there right nuclear pore right so the ribosomes would exit that and either adhere to this structure over here or just floating freely what's the function of ribosomes they produce proteins good stuff moving on to Part C rod-shaped organelle with these lines that are perpendicular to the length all right okay there's one there is one there there's one there mitochondria one would be a mitochondrion more than one our mitochondria they produce energy for the cell they're used in cellular respiration okay we are on to D now this wavy like structure with these dots this stuff would of course move all throughout the cell short form long name and you have to know both of them endoplasmic reticulum so this is the rough so sometimes you put an R there rough endoplasmic reticulum which is a transport tube like system for materials to move throughout the south now don't make the mistake of saying that ribosomes move through the ER they don't ribosomes Stud the ER ribosomes make proteins which then go into the ER and travel through the ER but the ribosomes themselves don't travel through the ER now I might as well jump over to here all right let's look at H what's the difference between D and H the fact that H is lacking the ribosome so what are we going to call this right smooth endoplasmic reticulum same idea just without the ribosomes very good all right over to e what is your best guess for what what that is you notice these little X like things inside here now the thing that bugs me about this illustration is this black line I don't know why the black boundary is there that might confuse you and make you think that this is a this is the nucleolus which is not these are the chromosomes all right so this whole structure here is the nucleus these are the chromosomes in the nucleus but they are not bound by any additional membrane other than the nuclear membrane or the nuclear envelope so those are chromosomes which control the cell right they are the genetic material or the DNA deoxyribonucleic acid okay yell it out what SEF did you agree with each other f is the cytoplasm jelly-like fluid which suspends all of the other organelles very good and G is either the nucleus itself or you might consider it to be the nuclear membrane all right moving on we've already done h so let's come up to I notice the similarity between these two organelles and probably the best way to tell the difference is the fact that these ones have the ribosomes of course this one doesn't and they do look very similar all right but because this one's attached to the nucleus and looks a little bit like a passageway you know we're sticking with ER for these so this is going to represent the Golgi body so Golgi apparatus and you sort of get the sense of these flatten their stacks of pancakes and the fact that that that these ends are going to be pinched off to produce vesicles which will transport materials and usually those vesicles will float up and bind or blend into the cell membrane I couldn't think of the word there um and then release the contents outside of the cell now when we come up to J it's debatable all right usually we talked about two possibilities so just yell them out what are the two possibilities that one and that one this is goin weirdly isn't it all right this could be a lysosome and if it was a lysosome it would contain digestive enzymes it could also be a vacuole in which case it would contain water for the cell all right so we've we've done many of the parts of the cell what parts are there that aren't labeled well it depends if this is a vacuole or a lysosome and remember what else is present in an animal cell not present in a plant cell that would be their use for reproduction centrioles right to produce spindle fibers and of course there could be others that I'm just missing right now what about whether or not it's an animal or a plant cell and why well we don't see the presence of chloroplasts but it could just be that we just don't see them we don't see any evidence of a cell wall and we should see that right the cell membrane is more interior the cell wall is exterior we'll see that in a minute in another image we don't see any sensual so that might make you think this is a plant cell but it is an animal cell it is roughly spherical or round shaped and doesn't have the chloroplasts so the cell wall that kind of thing okay okay very good we're going to move on to the next image okay name the parts of the cell so let's just go through this relatively quickly all right some of these are Reap so if we look at structure a here we can see it's pointing right in the middle at this region right there so that's going to be the nucleolus all right so as I'm doing these either yell them out or just thinking in your head whether you could identify them the nucleolus will produce the ribosomes which will travel out through nuclear pores which may or may not be visible here be looks like it's pointing at the line here so we're either talking about the nuclear membrane or we're talking about the nucleus in general and I'm okay with you calling it either now see is pointing at the white space inside the nucleus so maybe B would be the nuclear membrane and C is going to be the nucleus or I mean there is a fluid which is called nucleoplasm which is sort of analogous to cytoplasm you know out here and collectively the two are called protoplasm I don't we ever talked about that but it's the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm are collectively called protoplasm all right that's not important that you know that right now but I'm just telling you about it so that could be considered nucleoplasm or it could just be the nucleus in general okay let's look at D what do you think D is looks like e are to me then looking at it over here and over here and whether or not it's rough or smooth we don't really care okay now we need to distinguish between E and F it looks like alright he is the structure that's a little bit more internal and F is a little bit more external and I hope there isn't another one pointing at the same thing I don't think there is so II is going to be the cell membrane and F is going to be the cell wall all right the rigid structure that gives support and some shape and stuff like that to the plant cell and notice that this is roughly rectangular see it's not perfectly rectangular so you know this one is going to be a plant cell G cytoplasm how about H this is an important difference between plant and animal cells we can see a large vacuole here alright containing water and dissolved ions and sugars and other lots of other stuff all right so that's our vacuole there now I okay well let's distinguish between I and L if you look carefully at L they mean they're both somewhat rod shape but L has these little structures in them to kind of simulate those cross-hatched things in the mitochondrion so I want to say that that eye is pointing at chloroplasts and there are many chloroplasts they would be green in a real plant cell and they perform photosynthesis down here we see another mitochondrion right there all right so we have chloroplasts for photosynthesis a definite difference between plant and animal cell if we come up to Jay we are looking at an X shaped structure these are all going to be chromosomes and this diagram is just trying to illustrate the fact that we have a replicated chromosome here with a centromere in the middle and the the chromatids join to it off to the side all right we'll talk about mitosis in a little bit let me clear this up and then come over to where am I now okay this is a pretty arbitrary this is a terrible label it looks kind of like it's pointing at cytoplasm again or it might be trying to point at these little dots all right and if it was pointing at the little dots then we could assume they might be ribosomes it could be a lot of other different things as well and there they're certainly not going to be lysosomes or too small for that all right and we've already said that L is a mitochondrion okay in terms of things that are not labeled there are lysosomes in plant cells there is a region that produces a spindle fibers you might remember it's called the centrosome not centriole and there are other things as well that we never even talked about in this course and it is a plant cell okay very good let's move on okay now this is cell division looking at mitosis interphase cytokinesis all that kind of stuff so the first one is to name the phases of mitosis for each of these things here so we have the cartoon drawing here we can see some chromosomes here these are our chromatids joined together by the centromere right that right there you can notice that they're all lined up so this of course is going to be metaphase this structure here represents the centriole that's a spindle fiber all right chromosomes lined up in the middle how about this face what do you think that is prophase all right we see the nuclear membrane beginning to break down here we see the chromosomes have already replicated they replicated before that in interphase all right so interphase comes before mitosis these are the four stages of mitosis so we can see the replicated chromosomes but they're not as thick as we see them over here and we can see centrioles there's one there or a pair there and a pair there and it looks like this sort of migrating to opposite poles so they end up right about there okay so that was prophase move on to this one we can see the chromosomes separating what did we call that thing at that point that's a daughter chromosome this is the other identical daughter chromosome this one's being pulled that way pulled that way by the spindle fibers all right and of course in our cells we would actually have 46 chromosomes going each pole now I'm actually realizing that I jumped ahead I should have looked a little further this is really a better cell for anaphase I'm seeing the chromosomes early on in their migration to the poles because we see this the furling of the membrane here what did we call that process this is cytokinesis right but cytokinesis occurs after or roughly after the stage telophase all right and of course during telophase a new nuclear membrane would form here and would form here so really you know this one is certainly in anaphase we could start to argue about whether this is late anaphase or early telophase because I admit that you see a little bit of this furling but you don't see the nuclear membranes remember this is just the artist drawing of these things but if you came across that and you had these to you I really would suggest you go for anaphase and telophase especially if you're going to have just four drawings and you got identify the stages going to go prophase metaphase anaphase and the telophase so that takes care of both of those this is going to be an animal cell because we see the presence of the centrioles there I can't think of any other aside from the fact that it's somewhat circular but we're really looking at just at no we're not just looking at the nucleus are we really are looking at the whole cell and that's the nucleus so because the whole cell is roughly spherical we probably are going to go with the animal cell time out okey doke let's move on clear that oh come on clear that why are you not clearing out there clear there we go some reason I got stuck doesn't like coffee okay let's switch over to a different color here okay this is the real thing now alright so let's say in the culminating task you're looking through the microscope or micro viewer and you have to identify it name the phase of the cell cycle and it doesn't have to be just mitosis so we come over here to a alright these are all the worm-like chromosomes they've been stained with something looking under high-power microscope and you can see they are all roughly in the middle so this is going to be metaphase I hope you can see that green on the background here now we can see the chromosomes are being pulled apart all right so we have a cluster of chromosomes there a cluster of chromosomes there so this one is going to be anaphase as we come over to here I'm really pointing at this little line here you can see a little line in the middle there that's called the cell plate this is it this is a plant cell look at the roughly rectangular cells all right and you can see a nice cluster possibly a nuclear membrane reforming there so that's going to be telophase and this looks like another and a phase over here doesn't it yeah that looks like another anaphase similar to this one and this one you can see the intact nuclear memory you can't exactly see it but I mean it's such a nice circular structure there they've got to be held in there and because it's very grainy looking and not worm-like here all right because of that then we can assume that the chromosomes are actually very long and thin and stuff remember the name for that chromatin so this is going to be a prophase either a prophase actually or an interphase sorry arm in fact if I if push came to shove I'm gonna change my mind I'm gonna go with interface here and I'm gonna go with prophase I can't really see that one over here because now I can see the worm-like chromosomes but they're still in the middle that kind of thing all right and it looks like in this case we had a cell plate put down and they went back into interphase and by the way I can sort of see a nucleolus there okay and there may be more than one okay well I hope that's helping you with reviewing your mitosis just quickly I wanted to show you this one I'm going back to read because this is an animal cell all right circular cells here and you can see that in a the chromosomes and they're very small but you can see them are roughly along the middle and so this is going to be metaphase and here you can see the chromosome is a big bunch of them big bunch of them but being pulled this is going to be an anna face cell and that means something like this this might be metaphase again I know you're looking at that thinking it might be prophase and you know I wouldn't argue with with you over that but this one here this is going to be an interphase you can't even see the chromosomes all these ones are an interphase it's not that they don't have genetic material all right it's just you can't see it I mean these are small cells all right and the chromosomes are so fine you can't see them all right so that's mitosis in an animal cell okay now another thing that we did in the course in the unit was looked at various types of tissue all right here's a sample of some of the ones that you've actually looked under the microscope and that you would need to be able to recognize you're on you're not going to have to recognize things like adipose ligament tendon we didn't look at those right but all the ones that we did look at I know you can do so we're looking in this kind of region for this type of cell so we want the major and the specific type so what is the major type epithelial right epithelial what is the specific type squamous all right notice to all these squished cells up here flattened cells okay so there we go let's move on to B what's the major type of tissue here connective and supporting okay and what is the specific type well how could you how could you miss it the tree-trunks right this is bone over to C what is the major type of tissue muscle what is the specific type of tissue well you only looked at one and the hint of course is all the zebra like lines that are perpendicular to the long axis those are the striations so this is striated or skeletal muscle it's voluntary you can control it all right how about the major type of tissue here it's a little tricky connective and supporting what specific type notice it looks a little bit like a sponge it's compressible and flexible so this is cartilage found in the ear nose stuff like that all right down to e notice the long cells here with the cilia not tracing them very well at all but you can still see that so major type epithelial specific type columnar so people say this is columnar epithelial and how about this one what's the major type epithelial once again because we've seen all these and notice the cells that form this nice interlocking pattern to create ducts or blood vessels or whatever so this is cuboidal epithelial tissue and finally this one gee this is nervous tissue and this is the neuron with all its branches for communication alright the epithelial cells work well for covering EM protection type things insulation to prevent to prevent too much water loss connective and supporting is for you know connecting and supporting for the body flexible here strong like a tree trunk muscle cells for contracting their long cylindrical so that they can contract and these ones are highly branched of course so that for communication okay little review on tissues you guys are good at that here's a little bit more on tissues what's the major type of connective and supporting tissue there well I sort of gave it away didn't I connective and supporting tissue alright now this is blood of course all right that's just the general name so this is connective and supporting and then when we ask with the specific ones we want the specific types of blood cells so you're looking at a here this one here that is a WBC a white blood cell usually larger and nucleated right we can see nucleus alright very strange-looking nucleus and this one alright these ones of course are red blood cells they're much more plentiful you can see the white space in the middle because they dip in like a little donut alright maximum surface area by losing the nucleus to carry oxygen alright which move done those which type of tissue is not labeled here well you can actually see little pieces here there's one there's one there's one what's that that's the platelet right sticky so that it can clot blood okay very good oh and by the way don't forget that all of this stuff what's that that filling liquid that's plasma right so you got the plasma in here as well okay cool onwards okay we also did the systems now of course remember this this review it's already been about 25 minutes cannot cover everything that we've done over a month and a half or two months all right to get that into 50 minutes or an hour video okay let's the parts of the digestive system now this is a different diagram you haven't seen this one it's going to be a little different oral cavity all right within the oral cavity we've got physical and chemical digestion physical because of the teeth and the tongue crushing the food and although this is not labeled there's one there there's there and here these are the salivary glands that release salivary amylase the enzyme into the oral cavity remember that amylase breaks down starch into maltose so it's starches a sugar it's a polysaccharide long chain of glucose 'us maltose is two glucoses I can't remember if you went into the details of that but that's the beginning of chemical digestion what is number two pointing at well just note that you've got a two there and you got a four there this one's a little higher so how about we go for pharynx for number two the throat region all right and then the food is going to come down here this is the muscular esophagus and it's going to contract and contract and push push the food down into number three this is going to be the stomach all right and look at how similar that is in shape to the Frog stomach that you guys saw in the digestion right sort of a j-shaped organ or backwards jay okay physical and chemical digestion they're physical and chemical digestion in the oral cavity all right can you think of some of the enzymes in the stomach what about this one what does that one stand for pepsin which digests proteins breaks them down into amino acids there's also this one remember what that stands for lipase which breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids there's also acid in the stomach HCl hydrochloric acid which helps in digestion there's mucus there are other substances as well so physical and chemical digestion going on there very little absorption of nutrients even though we're starting to break it down to nutrients the food is going to continue to come down here and now we are into structure 9 to the small intestine so it's going to go all the way around there lots of enzymes going on there a lot of chemical digestion not really physical digestion for the most part alright and of course absorption and when we say absorption we mean if this is the small intestine out of the small intestine into the surrounding blood vessels all right that's that's what absorption is all about clear that out so small intestine and then of course as it travels through the small intestine it will go into the large intestine what's another name for the large intestine colon and the material will travel all across here around here and down to there all right what's a major function of the colon or large intestine especially if I do that right reabsorption of water you can say absorption or reabsorption of water back into the body out of this creating the feces it also produces vitamins and does a couple other things but we basically talked about this inflammation of the lining colitis all right inflammation of the lining can impair water reabsorption meaning water stays in here coming out diarrhea um this is the appendix we never really talked about that much there's the rectum down there for storage of feces until you release it and this is the anus and then we go a couple of other things let's talk about this largest internal organ what is that that's the liver produces bile which helps to digest fats stores it in structure number seven underneath there what is that gallbladder right stores the bile the bile acts in the small intestine not in the stomach all right helps to digest fats the liver also stores glucose um stuff like that detoxifies the the blood we also have another accessory organ right here so the livers and accessory organ we all also have this one underneath this one is the pancreas alright it releases many digestive enzymes in - sorry into the duodenum right in there into the small intestine along with bile from the gallbladder there are many enzymes that come from the pancreas we didn't really talk about that we talked about two hormones though hormones are not enzymes hormones are messengers they tell the body what to do enzymes do the work hormones say do the work okay like teachers right this one is the main one that we studied insulin causes blood sugar to be decreased and it causes that blood sugar to go into the liver so the liver stores sugar okay so that's one of the hormones I don't know if we did glucagon if we did then great if we didn't don't worry about it glucagon causes the liver to release glucose into the blood so while insulin lowers blood sugar glucagon increases it okay so I think we've answered all that stuff so let's move on that's the digestive system but more on that yes I do all right well you also dissected the earthworm so let's let's look at the parts of the earthworm don't forget this is a model of the earthworm right you've seen this before the foods going to come in here into the oral cavity there's a little lip on top of that that happens to be called the prosto Miam it's not a big deal but but you saw that anyways the food is going to travel down through here sort of underneath and through through this this structure this is the pharynx and then underneath here all through here we're going to get region a oh nice circling job right a esophagus right so long muscular tube conveying the food down to the various other parts we are going to get this first chamber here right and a second chamber and then this one is going to go all the way down the worm okay so that's that's how that's going to go so how about that crop gizzard to grind intestine so we got the pharynx up here so when we have pharynx okay and we're gonna have that PE CGI alright so there's a little comparison of the digestive system of the earthworm don't forget that as far as sighs we're not calling it small or large it's just the intestine itself here's another view just to show you a couple of other things in the earthworm we've got the esophagus right here and then moving into the that's esophagus moving into the crop right there don't forget that the earthworm has a dorsal blood vessel up here and a ventral blood vessel there blood is moving anteriorly in this one and towards the front in other words and posteriorly towards the back of that one and of course the blood comes down through these pulsatile vessels these would be considered the hearts all right and they're on both sides they're on this side here and on the back side as well so there's one there two there three therefore there five so five pairs of these hearts now that's not critical that you really know that for the culminating I'm just talking about that and by the way this yellow thing represents the nerve cord it's on the belly of the worm and and there it is as well here it's a little fuzzy in this diagram but that's the nerve cord and the brain of cord is of course is up there and some of you saw that brain very very small structure and you can also see on this one the ventral blood vessel like this the dorsal blood vessel and the heart's okay so there's a little bit of a review of the earthworm let's move on okay respiratory system structure a this guy's little square nose there all right so air of course is going to come in through here that's the nasal cavity it's going to be warmed and cleaned there's ciliated epithelial cells there and the air is going to come down and what would you call this region sort of a common region between this tube and this tube that's the pharynx the food will go down this tube that's the esophagus but the one closer to the front of your body okay more ventral towards your belly side is the trachea so right up here would be the voice box and then you'd come down and this is the trachea and it's moving down in the chest region and there are rings of supporting tissue that's that that that gives it some flexibility but some strength so what are those rings they're cartilage right so this is the trachea that's structure we've done all these guys all right and then it's going to split off into the two branches now the two branches aren't labeled here all right but you remember the name for one of the branches that's a bronchus there's a left and a right bronchus these are then going to go into the lung so Region J is a lung and F is a lung they don't forget although this is the right side of the diagram this is the person's left lung so the bronchus carries the air in and then we get into all of these branches indicated by G these are bronchioles so the air is coming down all these like little tree branches bronchioles and then culminating in these circular structures I'll show you another one in a moment these are really clusters there wouldn't be a single one to be a group of them like grapes these are the alveoli so that would be indicated by structure e alveoli underneath the lungs is this muscle which is the diaphragm all right and so that's getting into structure H as the diaphragm pulls down it pulls the lungs with it that means the lungs get bigger right something like that when that happens you have increased the volume in the lungs so what's happening with the pressure is the pressure gone up or its pressure gone down well if you've got increased volume pressure goes down less pressure means you know it's not being pushed as much so that's what allows air to come in there's more room more volume less pressure air gets sucked into the system when the diaphragm though springs back up and relaxes when it pushes back up that compresses the lungs makes them smaller so now you have decreased volume and more pressure in there it's tighter and that pushes air out so this is inhalation and this is exhalation dealing with the diaphragm but you also have ribs which the lungs are connected to the ribcage alright and you have muscles in between and those muscles pull the ribcage up and out and therefore the lungs get a little bit bigger again so with the combined effect of the diaphragm and the ribcage that's what increases volume and decreases pressure with ascend that you breathe in when these chest muscles these rib muscles relax the rib cage Falls and the lungs get compressed decrease volume increase pressure breathing out okay so in terms of the structures not labeled we don't have the bronchial abled here okay let's go on have a look at another another image this is a close-up now of a bronchial right there oops and it want that there we go there's a bronchial right here coming down all right this is also a bronchial and then ending at that cluster of air sacs that I've got circled right there all right cluster of air sacs or a cluster of alveoli name the tiny blood vessels surrounding the alveoli remember the name for those these are the smallest blood vessels of the body so these are called capillaries and in particular these are called pulmonary capillaries because they're inside the lungs all right now why are some colored red and some colored blue well blue represents blood that is deoxygenated or deoxy and red represents blood that is oxygenated or oxi and in this case the blood is coming in deoxygenated saying I need oxygen quick all right comes goes around the alveoli and as you know oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream goes on to the red blood cell onto hemoglobin and so oxygenated blood comes out it's like ha good I got my oxygen let's go back to the heart this would go back to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body so deoxy blood in pulmonary capillaries picking up oxygen giving co2 by the way this blood would be low in oxygen but high in co2 so that you breathe the co2 would go from the blood into here and you'd breathe that out and then oxy blood back to the heart speaking of the heart got to have heart okay this is a different view than what you've seen before let me try to switch to block name the parts of the heart now historically students have trouble with this all right there's a lot of parts all right a lot of anatomy let's start way up here a blood is traveling this way let's also look at B blood is traveling this way notice the colors blue all right these are large veins this one is above the heart this one is below can you name this one all right and this one that's an eye superior vena cava inferior vena cava all right very large veins carrying deoxygenated blood into and you can sort of see a hole there into this chamber and see what is this chamber this is on the left side of the diagram but this is on the right side of the patient right atrium deoxy blood from the head region and the lower body into the right atrium the right atrium squeezes and the blood goes down into this chamber through this structure in D this is a valve between this chamber and this chamber AV atrial ventricular valve all right now the blood is in the right ventricle the right ventricle will contract pushing the blood up in this direction what prevents it from going back into the right atrium the AV valve which closes blood then travels through another valve F what's the name of that valve there are two a V valves and two of these kind of valves F and L semilunar valve it's called the semilunar valve blood comes up into this blue blood vessel now although this is an artery leading away from the heart this is going towards the lungs and it's blue it's still deoxy blood on this right side this will take it to the lungs so this is a pulmonary artery and it was split and will go under here pulmonary artery off to the lungs pulmonary capillaries and all that stuff carry oxygenated blood back to the heart in here h and h pulmonary vein pulmonary veins here pulmonary veins here look at these little dots these little circles indicating the opening of these blood vessels into this chamber at the top left atrium oxy blood left atrium contracts down through this AV valve into the left ventricle so there are one two atria and two ventricles now remember this is different than the Frog heart which has two atria and one ventricle looks like some happy guy there right okay nevermind let me get rid of all that okay so we're into the right ventricle the blood will then go up through here another semilunar valve there are two AV valves and two semilunar valves under here into the largest artery this is the aorta and it's going to carry oxygenated blood up to the head like that and over into the arms okay and then of course down here okay comes all the way down it goes down to the lower body to your feet there your feet there yay okay obviously some parts are red because they're oxygenated in other parts are blue because they are deoxygenated now let's look at another view of the heart here okay this is an outside view an external view of the heart and let's see what structures can name one more time okay so you see this nice blue blood vessel here carrying blood down into the heart you can't see the chamber and up so here we have the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava okay those are all going to collect under here so this is going to be an atrium or at least the covering of the atrium alright this is actually called an oracle which is a oracle this is the right oracle because the flap covering you know the edge is like another little room but that's fine this is an atrium we can call this the right atrium okay now see is pointing at either the muscle of the heart the myocardium the cardiac muscle or just the location of the right ventricle which would be down there and the septum would be somewhere in here okay and then the blood would come up and go through this so this is going to be the pulmonary artery although it's blue all right it's going to go that way and it's going to go this way over to the lungs the blood is going to come back through pulmonary veins although they're red they're oxygenated but they're veins back into the heart and they'd go into there that would be the left atrium and then down into this region this would be the left ventricle somewhere in there and then it would squeeze in the blood would come under and then there you go into the aorta and to the rest of the body now one of the interesting things that I wanted to show you here is a CH and I'm pointing at this because this is a coronary blood vessel because we talked a little bit about the fact that the heart itself needs a blood supply and that these blood vessels can become blocked or occluded by plaque or cholesterol or something and if the blood can't get through there that causes the heart that part of the heart downstream to starve of oxygen or nutrients or whatever and that can cause a heart attack and we talked a little bit about an angiogram is a way of looking at blood vessels and looking for these blockages we already mentioned that the frog heart differs in that it's a three chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle and in terms of the worm we also talked about that just the fact that it doesn't have like a single big heart like this with four chambers it's got those little pulsatile vessels you know along the length of the worm you know those little round things there's five pairs of them so definitely a different circulatory thing but the blood of a frog and the blood of a worm also carries oxygen and glucose and hormones and ions and weights products just like the blood of a mammal all right so you need to understand the similarities and the differences with respect to those all right let's see if I've got anything else okay I do have something else I want to talk with you about and this is not something that we've covered so far this is the carbon dioxide experiment and I apologize for not being there to do this with you we'll have a look at this after the culminating but you should be able to understand some of the basic concepts of this anyhow carbon dioxide as you know is co2 and we exhale that in our breath and that's probably the easiest way to get co2 all right there is a chemical called bromothymol blue and the short form is BTB it's a chemical indicator and we'll be using a bunch of indicators in chemistry strand and this can detect carbon dioxide because if you come down here let's say this is a beaker and it's a beaker of water all right if we add some drops of this chemical in here it turns blue all right without any carbon dioxide just add this indicator it's a chemical it's blue in color by the way you add it to water and the water goes blue all right so that's there if you then use a straw and you exhale right here you're breathing out and you exhale carbon dioxide as you breathe out carbon dioxide is there into the water with this BTB stuff there are bubbles of co2 going into the water from your breath over time as you increase the amount of co2 as you keep breathing out like you're breathing out just keep breathing keep breathing keep breathing all right not like breathing out and taking a breath and breathing out just just keep breathing out there's more and more co2 every second right and it starts to turn green and that's because carbon dioxide reacts with this chemical BTB to give a green color it's called a chemical indicator it detects the presence of carbon dioxide if you were to continue to breathe out as much as you can at some point there is enough co2 there that BTB turns yellow so we can go all the way from blue to green to yellow so high co2 it's yellow not quite as much co2 and it's green no co2 zero co2 and it's blue so this can detect the presence of co2 so you can imagine that the more co2 you put out the faster this could turn yellow you could time this all right and have somebody breathe out into a straw and time how long does it take to turn well do we have to care about the volume of water would it matter if I put 50 milliliters of water one time and I did the experiment and then I used a hundred mils and 40 mils or should we keep that constant throughout the experiment and then test how long it takes for co2 to turn the bromothymol blue solution yellow so if you breathe em through a straw and you start to time it all right you find it takes I don't know let's say let me clear this off for a second let's say it takes 30 seconds okay takes 30 seconds to turn a hundred milliliters of water with 10 drops of BTB to turn it yellow and then you do it again and you do it again and you keep this all constant right because you want to control stuff and the only variable is you breathing out into the straw at rest what would happen if you exercised and then did this again same volume of water same number of drops Dunkel changing the volume of water and exercise you're changing to independent very if you keep all these controlled the independent variable is the fact that you were at rest are you exercised now if you exercised would you expect it to take longer to turn yellow or less time to turn yellow well let's think about this when you exercise you need a lot of energy right and you make a lot of waste products and you know you breathe faster - don't you like you're out of breath so when you exercise yourselves are taking in glucose using them for energy and converting the glucose to co2 which you breathe out so if you exercise and then do this wouldn't you expect this to turn yellow faster because you are essentially breathing out more co2 in your breath or maybe just breathing faster alright so with everything else constant the independent variable changing to being at rest or doing exercise you could get a different result a different dependent variable right the dependent variable is what occurs what you're looking for what you're measuring the change in the time instead of 30 it took 20 seconds with exercise all right what else could you do let's see if I got something I think on the next page I believe I do okay here's some other things exercise now what about the number of straws I don't know that that would do anything that you could try that alright if you use two straws instead of one would you actually get more co2 in here turning the bromothymol blue yellow or would you just be you know splitting it up into you know half of your breath is going there half of the thera-band something you could try right okay what about the volume of water notice here I drew this higher right if you use 200 mils of water but the ten drops of BTB but everything else the same you know not exercise just at rest and all that timing how long it to go from blue to green to that final yellow color would it matter would there be a change I mean this is all an experiment right your independent variable is the volume of water everything else is controlled okay and how about this changing the temperature of the water okay this is the water here you've added your BTB drops to it would it matter if you change the temperature I mean one thing to think about anyhow is you know when you boil water on a stove you know the way you get all those water bubbles and they eventually evaporates right well carbon dioxide is a gas as well and carbon dioxide bubbles in here it's possible and I don't know you could test this that if you heat this solution up and you exhale maybe it would take longer for BTB to turn yellow why would I say that why would it take longer well what if the co2 was evaporating and not staying in the solution to react with the BTB if you heat it and the co2 evaporates there's less co2 to react with the BTB to turn it yellow so maybe it would take longer it's like I need to get my co2 in there but it's bubbling out so I better keep going keep going try to build it up in here before it evaporates I mean I don't know this is just something that you that could be tested all right so the dependent variable then is how long it takes for BTB to turn yellow I mean that could be an independent variable you might want to study something different controlled variables or all the things that you have to keep constant alright and I think you have a good sense of of what that would be all right so I think that's possibly all I've got for you that is all I've got for you here so we're going to shut that down so I hope that helps you prepare for your culminating task I of course can't go over everything and I know this has been a long video but thank you for your patience watching this let's do it let's just go show me what you know and that's really all it comes down to okay you can do this this is your challenge you have to do this I wish you all the best of luck thank you for watching see again soon