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Which antibody indicates an acute HBV infection?
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Anti-HBc (IgM)
What serological marker indicates a decrease in HBV replication and infectivity?
Anti-HBe
What indicates an acute HBV infection based on serology?
**HBsAg**: Positive, **HBeAg**: Positive, **HBV DNA**: Positive, **Anti-HBs**: Negative, **Anti-HBc**: Positive (IgM), **Anti-HBe**: Negative
What are the serological indicators of an acute Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection?
**HEV RNA**: Positive, **Anti-HEV (IgM)**: Positive
Describe the serological findings in the window period of HBV infection.
**HBsAg**: Negative, **HBeAg**: Negative, **HBV DNA**: Negative or low, **Anti-HBs**: Negative, **Anti-HBc**: Positive (IgM/IgG), **Anti-HBe**: Negative
What are the important indicators of a chronic replicating HBV infection?
**HBsAg**: Positive, **HBeAg**: Positive, **HBV DNA**: Positive, **Anti-HBs**: Negative, **Anti-HBc**: Positive (IgG), **Anti-HBe**: Negative
How can fibrosis be detected in a patient with HCV, and what is a cost-effective method?
Fibrosis can be detected using liver biopsy, FibroSure test, or the APRI score, which is cost-effective.
Which serological markers are associated with immunization against HBV?
**HBsAg**: Negative, **HBV DNA**: Negative, **Anti-HBs**: Positive, **Anti-HBc**: Negative, **Anti-HBe**: Negative
What does the presence of Anti-HBs antibodies indicate?
Curing or vaccination against HBV
What indicates a positive acute Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection?
Positive anti-HCV antibodies (IgG) and positive HCV RNA via PCR
What is a special consideration for HEV infection during pregnancy?
High risk of fulminant hepatitis, may require liver transplant
What serological markers signify HBV recovery?
**HBsAg**: Negative, **HBeAg**: Negative, **HBV DNA**: Negative, **Anti-HBs**: Positive, **Anti-HBc**: Positive (IgG)
How do serological markers change in a past exposure or immunization of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
**HAV RNA**: Negative, **Anti-HAV (IgG)**: Positive
Differentiate between acute and chronic HCV infection based on RNA results.
Acute: HCV RNA positive for less than 6 months; Chronic: HCV RNA positive for more than 6 months
What signifies an acute infection with Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)?
**HDV RNA**: Positive, **Anti-HDV (IgM)**: Positive, **HD Antigen**: Positive in early stages
What markers indicate a chronic non-replicating HBV infection?
**HBsAg**: Positive, **HBeAg**: Negative, **HBV DNA**: Negative, **Anti-HBc**: Positive (IgG), **Anti-HBe**: Positive
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