Dutch colonialists doubted his abilities, viewing him as focused on fashion and women.
Health concerns raised by the Dutch in 1899 about his longevity as king.
Reign Overview
Duration: Over 40 years (longer than Dutch predictions).
Significant Change: After the retirement of Vizier Sasradiningrat IV in 1916, he solidified his power.
Governor’s View: M.B. van der Jagt described him as capable and decisive despite his flamboyant image.
Relationship with Dutch Colonial Government
Adaptation to the political environment and limitations set by the Dutch.
Engaged in actions showcasing his authority, including national organization support and grand tours.
Grand Tours
Significance: Strengthened national sentiment and showcased sovereignty.
Regions Visited: Included Java, Madura, Bali, Lombok, and Sumatera.
First Grand Tour: Began in 1903 to Semarang, with extensive ceremonial displays.
Dutch Reaction: Concerned about potential subversion and large travel expenses, leading to attempts to limit his entourage.
Public Perception and Local Enthusiasm
Local populations, such as in Garut, showed immense enthusiasm for his visits.
Belief in his divine powers reflected in practices like purchasing his used-bath-water.
Political Dynamics
Continued visits between 1910-1930s to various regions, including Buitenzorg and Batavia.
Attempts to maintain a balance between showing loyalty to the Dutch and asserting his authority.
Conflict with Dutch Officials: Resident A.J.W. Harloff expressed frustration over the expenses and public perception of his tours.
Gifts and Ceremonial Practices
Gifts presented to Dutch officials and local leaders during his visits to strengthen alliances.
Types of Gifts: Included gold pins, diamonds, and other luxurious items.
Conclusion
Sunan Pakubuwana X’s reign marked a significant period of both adaptation and resistance against the colonial government while fostering a sense of nationalism among the Javanese people.