Comprehensive Overview of Human Body Systems

Oct 12, 2024

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Lecture Notes: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction

  • Presenter: Nurse Chung
  • Partner: Smart Edition Academy
  • Focus on mastering human anatomy and physiology for healthcare exams.
  • Anatomy and Physiology section in exams: 18 out of 44 science questions.

Organization of the Human Body

  • Body Cavities:

    • Thoracic Cavity: Houses heart and lungs.
    • Abdominal Cavity: Contains stomach, liver, intestines.
    • Cranial Cavity: Protects the brain.
    • Spinal Cavity: Encases the spinal cord.
    • Pelvic Cavity: Contains reproductive organs and parts of digestive and urinary systems.

  • Anatomical Terminology:

    • Inferior/Superior: Below/Above
    • Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
    • Proximal/Distal: Closer to trunk/Farther
    • Lateral/Medial: Closer to side/Midline
    • Superficial/Deep: Closer to skin/Further inside

  • Body Planes:

    • Sagittal Plane: Divides left and right
    • Mid-Sagittal Plane: Divides equally left and right
    • Coronal Plane: Divides front and back
    • Transverse Plane: Divides top and bottom

Cardiovascular System

  • Heart Structure:

    • Four chambers: Two atria and two ventricles.
    • Valves: Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic.

  • Blood Flow Steps:

    1. Entry through vena cava to right atrium.
    2. Right atrium to right ventricle.
    3. To lungs via pulmonary artery.
    4. Oxygenation in lungs.
    5. Return to heart (left atrium) via pulmonary veins.
    6. Left atrium to left ventricle.
    7. Distributed to body through aorta.

Respiratory System

  • Structures:

    • Upper Tract: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
    • Lower Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

  • Function: Gas exchange in alveoli.

  • Infections:

    • Upper respiratory infections: Cold, sinusitis.
    • Lower respiratory infections: Pneumonia, bronchitis.

Digestive System

  • Pathway: Oral cavity -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small intestine -> Large intestine -> Rectum.
  • Accessory Organs:
    • Salivary Glands: Begin digestion.
    • Pancreas: Produces enzymes.
    • Liver: Produces bile.
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile.

Reproductive System

  • Male System: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis.
  • Female System: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva.

Urinary System

  • Components: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
  • Nephron Function: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Skeletal System

  • Functions: Supports, protects organs, facilitates movement, produces red blood cells.
  • Bone Types: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.

Muscular System

  • Types of Muscles:
    • Cardiac: Involuntary, heart.
    • Skeletal: Voluntary, attached to bones.
    • Smooth: Involuntary, internal organs.

Integumentary System

  • Layers: Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous.
  • Epidermis Layers: Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale.
  • Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensory information.

Nervous System

  • Divisions: CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerves).
  • Functions: Sensory input, integration, motor output.
  • Autonomic System: Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Endocrine System

  • Glands and Functions:

    • Pituitary: Master gland.
    • Thyroid: Metabolism.
    • Adrenal: Stress response.
    • Pancreas: Blood sugar regulation.

  • Hormones: TSH, ACTH, MSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH.

Lymphatic System

  • Role: Fluid balance, fat absorption, immunity.
  • Components: Lymph vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils.
  • Types of Immunity: Natural passive, natural active, artificial passive, artificial active.

Conclusion

  • Recommendation: Explore additional resources and practice tests from Smart Edition Academy.