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Identify the primary function of the nephron in the urinary system.
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The nephron filters blood, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes waste, forming urine.
Describe the function of alveoli in the respiratory system.
Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
Differentiate between cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles in terms of location and control.
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is involuntary, skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is voluntary, and smooth muscle is found in internal organs and is involuntary.
Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system and its divisions.
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body functions, with the sympathetic division mediating 'fight or flight' responses and the parasympathetic division managing 'rest and digest' functions.
Identify the accessory digestive organs and their contributions to digestion.
The accessory organs include salivary glands which begin digestion, the pancreas producing enzymes, the liver producing bile, and the gallbladder storing bile.
List the layers of the epidermis starting from the outermost layer.
The layers of the epidermis, from outermost to innermost, are stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.
What is the significance of natural active and artificial passive immunity?
Natural active immunity results from exposure to a pathogen, while artificial passive immunity involves the introduction of antibodies from another source for immediate protection.
Explain the pathway of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium.
Blood enters through the vena cava into the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, travels to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation, returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins, moves to the left ventricle, and is then distributed to the body through the aorta.
What is the role of bile in the digestive system, and where is it produced?
Bile aids in the digestion and absorption of fats and is produced by the liver.
Which anatomical plane divides the body into top and bottom sections?
The transverse plane divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections.
Describe the primary functions of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats from the digestive tract, and supports immune function.
Define proximal and distal in anatomical terms.
Proximal describes a position closer to the trunk of the body, and distal refers to a position further from the trunk.
What are the main components of the male reproductive system?
The male reproductive system includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis.
What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland and what are their general functions?
The pituitary gland produces hormones such as TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, each regulating different physiological processes including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
What organs are contained within the thoracic cavity?
The thoracic cavity houses the heart and lungs.
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