Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Introduction

Explanation of nationalism in Europe
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Key Concepts

Definitions

Continental Europe: Will mention various countries like France, Germany, and Italy
Nationalism: Defined as 'देशभक्ति'
Rise of Nationalism: How the feeling of patriotism spread in Europe
Journey: Pre-nationalism conditions, emergence of nationalism, and its outcomes

Notable Artworks

Frederick Sorrieu's Painting

Year: 1848
Artist: Frederick Sorrieu from France
Significance of 1848: Many important events occurred
Painting Theme: Dream of a world with democracy and republics
Sky Elements: Jesus Christ, angels, fraternity (brotherhood)
Ground Elements: Remnants of autocracy, monarch symbols, long march of people
Statue of Liberty: Represents freedom and phases of countries attaining independence
Key Takeaways: Democracy and republics as divine blessings; shift from monarchy to nation-states

Transformation in Europe

Modern State to Nation-State Transition

Pre-19th Century: Predominantly monarchies
Modern State: A transition phase from monarchy to nation-state
Nation-State: Shared history, identity, and struggle

French Revolution

Year: 1789
Key Change: Abolishing absolute monarchy and promoting constitutional monarchy
Spread of Revolution: French revolutionaries used various means like songs, slogans, and symbols

Revolutionary Movements

Spread of Nationalism

La Patrie and Le Citoyen: Concepts introduced to spread nationalism
Equal Rights: Abolition of old regime distinctions
Symbols and Swearing: New flag, hymns, and oaths
National Assemblies: Replaced traditional state generational meetings
French Language: Promoted as the common language

Napoleon’s Influence

Napoleonic Code: Legal reforms emphasizing equality and property rights
Expansionist Policies: Attempts to control Europe led to resistance and eventual downfall

Rise of Conservatism

Post-Napoleon Europe

Defeat of Napoleon: Battle of Waterloo, 1815
Conservative Powers: Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia
Treaty of Vienna: 1815, aimed to restore pre-revolutionary monarchy and territorial arrangements
Measures: Reestablishment of monarchies, censorship, and suppression of dissent

Secret Societies and Revolutions

Revolutions: Led by middle-class individuals against conservatism
Famous Revolutionary: Giuseppe Mazzini, founder of Young Italy and Young Europe

Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

Romanticism

Definition: A cultural movement promoting nationalism through arts and literature
Examples: Johann Gottfried Herder in Germany, showcasing Volksgeist (the people's spirit)
Poland's Cultural Resistance: Use of Polish language in resistance

Social and Economic Changes

Hardship in 1830s Europe

Overpopulation
Migration: From rural to urban areas
Unemployment: Competition from industries leading to low wages

Significant Revolts

Paris Revolt

Year: 1848
Participants: Poor people of Paris
Outcome: King abdicated, establishment of the republic by the National Assembly

Silesian Weavers’ Revolt

Year: 1845
Cause: Exploitation by contractors
Outcome: Suppression by army

The Age of Revolution (1830-1848)

Revolutions across Europe

France

Year: 1830, July Revolution**
Outcome: Constitutional monarchy reestablished

Belgium

Year: 1830-1831
Cause: Influenced by French Revolution
Outcome: Independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands

Greece

Year: 1821-1832
Outcome: Independence from Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Constantinople, 1832

Unification Movements

Germany

Leader: Otto von Bismarck
Strategy: Wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, resulting in unification
Outcome: Proclaimed at Versailles, 1871

Italy

Leader: Count Cavour, with help from Garibaldi
Strategy: Diplomatic and military actions to unify diverse regions under Sardinia-Piedmont
Outcome: Victor Emmanuel II crowned as the first king of Unified Italy, 1861

Nation-Building Process

The Case of Britain

Process: Gradual through parliamentary actions
Integration of Scotland and Ireland: Through union acts and control measures

Balkan Nationalism

Balkan Region

Ethnic and Geographical Diversity: Mix of different cultures and regions
Nationalistic Tensions: Conflict among the Slavs and intervention by external powers
Result: Regional conflicts contributing to the outbreak of WWI

Anti-Imperialist Movements

End of Empires: Nationalism as a tool against imperial powers
Examples: India's freedom struggle, leading to the formation of modern nation-states

Summary

Frederick Sorrieu’s dream of democratic and social republics
French Revolution as a significant expression of nationalism
Shift from monarchies to modern and nation-states
19th century Europe marred by revolts and a wave of nationalism leading up to WWI
Various cultural and political movements contributing to the nationalistic sentiment

Key Terms & Questions

La Patrie, Le Citoyen
Giuseppe Mazzini, Otto von Bismarck, Count Cavour
Romanticism’s role in nationalism
Paris and Silesian revolts
Impact of Napoleonic Code
Treaty of Vienna, 1815
First and Second World Wars

Questions

What do you mean by ‘topiya’?
Explain the social and economic conditions in Europe during 1830s.
Describe the role of Romanticism in spreading nationalism.
Compare the unification process of Germany and Italy.

Conclusion

Understanding the rise of nationalism in Europe helps comprehend the political and cultural shifts that shaped modern nation-states