Lecture on Relativism vs. Pluralism

Key Concepts

• Cultural Relativism

  • "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is advice to follow local customs, but not all customs should be followed if harmful.
  • Historical and cultural practices may not always be ethically sound (e.g., executing criminals by feeding them to lions in ancient Rome).
  • Past misconceptions (e.g., racial intelligence differences) show how supposed "facts" can be socially constructed.

• Relativism

  • Relativism is the belief that morality is subjective and based on individual or cultural perspectives.
  • Common relativist phrases include "Who am I to judge?" and "I can't tell another person what's right for her."
  • Being a consistent relativist prohibits making moral judgments about others' actions.

• Moral Judgments

  • Humans naturally make moral judgments (e.g., against stealing, violence).
  • While tolerance is a virtue, it doesn't mean all actions should be tolerated (e.g., abuse, terrorism).

Pluralism

• Pluralism vs. Relativism

  • Pluralism promotes the freedom to live as one sees fit, with the caveat of not causing unjustified harm to others.
  • It respects cultural diversity while drawing a clear line against extremist actions.

• Tolerance and Its Limits

  • Tolerance should not allow harmful actions.
  • Drawing the line is crucial to ensure tolerance does not become permissiveness.

Universal Ethical Principles

• Universal Rights
  • Basic rights such as the right to life, ownership of one's body, freedom of speech, and the pursuit of happiness should guide ethical considerations.
  • "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is a suggested universal principle.

Conclusion

• Human Nature
  • Judging is a natural part of human existence and interactions.
  • Pluralism offers a balanced approach, promoting diversity and freedom while preventing harm.
  • Ethics require balancing tolerance with the enforcement of fundamental rights and justice.