Tissue Level of Organization Lecture

Introduction

• Lecturer: Dr. Alita Partasadarsu
• Focus: Differences between normal and abnormal tissues, specifically cervical epithelium.
• Histology: Study of tissues.

Overview of Tissue Types

• Four types of tissue:
  1. Epithelial Tissue: Covering and protective tissue.
  2. Connective Tissue: Variety of forms, supporting roles.
  3. Muscle Tissue: Movement, heat production, protection.
  4. Nervous Tissue: Comprises brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Tissue Membranes

• Definition: Thin layers that cover body surfaces, organs, internal passages, and cavities.
• Types:
  • Epithelial Membranes:
    • Mucous Membranes: Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; contain mucus glands.
    • Serous Membranes: Line closed body cavities; reduce friction.
    • Cutaneous Membrane: Skin, covers body surface.
  • Connective Tissue Membranes:
    • Synovial Membrane: Lines joints, produces fluid for movement.

Epithelial Tissue

• Properties:
  • Cells closely packed, avascular (no blood vessels).
  • Capable of reproduction due to constant replacement need.
• Functions:
  • Protects from mechanical and chemical injury, pathogens.
  • Sensory functions: Detects environmental changes.
  • Secretion: Hormones, mucus, digestive juices, sweat.
  • Barrier for movement of gases, solutes, fluids.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

• Based on Layers:
  • Simple: One layer.
  • Stratified: Multiple layers.
  • Pseudostratified: Single layer but appears multi-layered.
  • Transitional: Stretchable.
• Based on Cell Shape:
  • Squamous: Flat, thin.
  • Cuboidal: Boxy.
  • Columnar: Rectangular.

Glandular Epithelium

• Types:
  • Exocrine: Secretes outside body (e.g., sweat glands).
  • Endocrine: Secretes into bloodstream (e.g., thyroid).

Connective Tissue

• Function: Supports and connects tissues.
• Components:
  • Fibroblasts/cytes: Produce fibers, maintain structure.
  • Adipocytes: Store lipids.
  • Mesenchymal Cells: Multipotent stem cells.

Types of Connective Tissue

• Connective Tissue Proper:
  • Loose: Adipose, areolar, reticular.
  • Dense: Regular and irregular.
• Supportive Connective Tissue:
  • Cartilage: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.
  • Bone: Rigid, highly vascularized.
• Fluid Connective Tissue:
  • Blood and lymph: Involved in transport and immune response.

Muscle Tissue

• Types:
  • Skeletal: Voluntary, associated with bones.
  • Cardiac: Involuntary, found in heart.
  • Smooth: Involuntary, found in internal organs.

Nervous Tissue

• Function: Sends/receives signals, facilitates communication.
• Components:
  • Neurons: Main signaling cells.
  • Neuroglia: Supportive cells.

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• Conclusion: Overview of tissue types, focusing on structure, function, and examples.