Well, continuing with the Excel tutorial videos, this time we are going to talk about references in Excel. We are going to talk about relative references, absolute references, and mixed references. Let's start by talking about relative references. Relative references mean that when copying a formula, Excel will modify the references in relation to the new position where the formula is being copied; To understand much better, we are going to solve a small example and then we will give the explanation that is due. In the example here we have a table in which we have values of "w" values of "x" and values of "y" then it asks us to find the sum of "w + x + y" on the side of the table we have position1, position2; up to position5 I put this in order to explain it much better about the relative reference then we locate ourselves in cell f6 we write the equal as it asks us to add "w + x + y" sum; "w" is this cell plus "x" which is this cell plus "y" which is this cell; then pressed enter now what we commonly do is the following: What we do is select cell f6, then locate ourselves in the lower right corner and look for a bold cross and then copy it to all the cells. At the time of making that copy, we made a relative reference. You may wonder why we located ourselves in cell f6 and double-click. As you can see, in this cell some data has been added from position 1, for example, w + x + and now we go to the position or rather to cell f10, we double-click and verify the data is no longer from position 1, now it is from position 5, right, so that is what the relative reference does. Now let's talk about the absolute reference. Now let's talk about the absolute reference. Well, there are times when we need to set the reference of a cell in such a way that they remain the same. What do we mean by fixing? The synonyms for pinning are to immobilize or to put a cell in place. How do we pin a cell? To do this, we will use the dollar symbol. We will put it in front of the column and in front of the row to pin a cell. Okay. As we know, the letters refer to the columns. The columns are all these letters here, and the rows are all these numbers here. So, I reiterate that to fix a cell, what we are going to do is put the dollar symbol in front of the column and in front of the row; To explain this, we are now going to solve the example. Here we have an example in which we have a table. On this part, we have the months that are January, February, and March, and in the row we have the three products: product 1, product 2, and product 3. At the top, we have the profit percentage, which is 10%. Now, at the bottom of the table, it asks us to find the profit percentage for each month. We have to fill in this part. How do we do it? using absolute reference. for example how would we find the profit percentage for the month of January for product 1 what I would do is multiply the profit percentage which is this cell by this cell then I go to cell f19 I write the equals then I multiply this product1 for the month of January which is this cell by the profit percentage which is cell f12 I press enter, then I 'm going to copy down and to the right so how do I do that I select the cell I look for the bold cross I drag down then the bold cross again and drag to the right as you can see it gives me zeros and errors I'm going to enter this cell, in cell f21 I double click and verify in this cell I should multiply this yellow cell by this cell 600 which is not happening so where is the problem? This red cell that should be here has moved two rows it has moved over here and then to product 1 so what we're going to do is the following we're going to freeze or immobilize this cell f12 , then escape now I go back to the formula to the first formula that I inserted it which is in cell f19 I double click and locate this cell f12 once located I put the cursor in cell f12 here in the formula then I press the f4 key. as you can see in front of the letter and in front of the number is the dollar symbol so if the keyboard f4 doesn't work you can do it manually the dollar symbol, then, now we press enter now if it's correct we copy down then copy to the right. as we corroborate it, we go to this cell h21 we double click and it is multiplying this cell by this cell which is correct, so now let's talk about the mixed reference the mixed reference is to set only the column or only the row if we want to set only the column we must put the dollar symbol before the letter of the column and leave the row without the dollar symbol if on the contrary we want to set only the row then we must put the dollar symbol before the number of the row here we have two cases in this first case as you can see the dollar symbol is in front of the letter and the row is clean there is no dollar symbol there; in the other case it is the opposite in front of the letter there is no dollar symbol but in front of the number there is the dollar symbol so in the first case we are fixing the column and in the second case we are fixing only the row so to better understand this topic about mixed references we are going to solve the exercises here we have a table in which we have the values of "w" the values of "x" the values of "y" the values of "z" and it asks us to find "w + x + the discount" and in the other it asks us to find "z * profit" at the top of the table we have the discount which is 200, we have the profit which is 100 and the loss which is 10 now let's start solving we locate ourselves in cell h14 we write the equals then we add as it asks us "w" here is "w" plus "x" this cell plus the discount; the discount is here is cell e9 I press enter now we will copy down. As you can see here it gives me an error, we corroborate it by double clicking, they have added "w" plus "x" and plus this cell which is incorrect, I want to add "w+x+discount" which is this cell, as you can see here we must set it to the discount row, why? so that it doesn't scroll down ok. So with this observation we return to the formula h14 we double click and put the cursor in the cell in E9 within the formula then we press f4 as you can see it shows us two dollar symbols we press F4 again now there is only one dollar symbol that is in front of the number which is what we want; we press enter and now we make a copy now if we corroborate, we go to cell h18 we double click and as you can see the sum is correct "w + x + discount" then now we solve the other case or the other example we locate ourselves in cell i14 we write the equal then we look for "z","z" is here for the profit, the profit is this cell and E10 now before clicking we analyze we want cell g14 to move down when we make a copy. it is correct! I want this cell to move to here here here and here and now let's analyze cell E10, I want it to be fixed, still so that it doesn't move down so what I'm going to do is fix the row, freeze the row how do we do that I put the cursor in cell E10 which is in the formula then press F4 again F4 now yes the dollar symbol is in front of the number, press enter and then I copy we corroborate I go to the last formula which is cell i18 I double click which is correct "z * profit" now let's solve the other example that is below nothing more the same we have a table in which here we have the months January, February, March and in the row we have the products then here we have the profit percentage for product 1 is 10% for product 2 15% and for product 3 20% it asks us to find the profit percentage for each month to say if I want for the month of January I will multiply and the profit percentage by this cell right then I locate in cell F28 I write the same then I multiply this cell by the percentage of profit which is this cell then I click now I copy down and to the right then we corroborate we go to any cell in this case I want it to be this is the double click and as you can see the multiplication that it gave me is this cell by this cell which is incorrect it should be this cell here by 10% so what we are going to do is fix it to this cell but we are going to fix the row or the column what we are going to do is fix the row because because I want this 10% to move to the right when making a copy because because here we have another percentage of profit here too but I do not want it to move down then escape I go back to the formula I double click I locate myself in cell F27 I put the cursor a and press F4 again F4 there the dollar symbol is in front of the number which is correct press enter now I copy again down and to the right we corroborate I go again to cell F30 I double click and now This is correct again we corroborate, I go to the last cell which is cell H30 I double click which also correctly shows me this cell for the profit percentage well that has been all for this video if you liked it please give us a thumbs up, subscribe to the channel we are constantly uploading videos well we will see each other in the next videos bye bye